The Woodlanders :: Free Essays Online

The WoodlandersThomas Hardy, the author of The Woodlanders, is considered one of the greatest fableist in English literature(Vol. 4). This genius was born on June 2nd of 1840 in Bockhampton, Dorset, England. He was the oldest boy in his family. Hardy began his writing career in 1862, at the age of twenty-two. In 1867, at the age of twenty-seven, he wrote his first novel. The novel was entitled, The Poor Man and the Lady. Today only bits and pieces of this book remain. Some critics did not think that Hardys first book was cut bring out for publication. George Meredith, a reader for Chapman and Hall publishers, advised against the publication of The Poor Man and the Lady. He thought Hardy had potential and encouraged him to continue writing(Pettit). Practice makes perfect. In November of 1872, at the age of thirty-two, Hardy was asked to write a serial novel for Cornhill Magazine. This was the start of something really good for Hardy. Soon after this, his career sky rocketed and he s tarted pumping out the manuscripts.In 1874, Hardy began writing Far from the Madding Crowd. He was engrossed in the making of this book it consumed him. While attending college classes, he resorted to writing on leaves, woodchips, stones, and whatsoever else he could find while moving between classes. This book marked the turning point of his career.Not to long after this, his wife passed away. It did not attend that Hardy was too broken up over this tragedy because soon after his wifes death, he married his secretary. The marriage only lasted for a little while because on January eleventh of 1928 Hardy died in his hometown of Dorset, England. His heart was buried in the Wessex countryside, in the parish churchyard at Stinsford. His ashes were placed next to those of Charles two in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey.Wessex is a fictional place in England that Hardy made up, and placed his novels in its scenery. Its lush landscape is what is described in most of Hardys novels, espe cially The Woodlanders. The book has been described as being alive with landscape(Woodlanders). James Wood describes the book by state it is an anguished and contradictory meditation on belonging, on what it means to be rooted in a place(Woodlanders). Wood also says that Hardys works are like Shakespeares, except Hardys works are like hard comedies and hard tragedies.The Woodlanders was first published simultaneously in monthly serial parts in Englands Macmillans Magazine and in weekly parts in the United States in Harpers Bazaar.

The Molten Core Theory Essay -- Geology Education Earth Essays

The Molten Core Theory The center of the Earth is composed of a solid metallic burden out surrounded by a molten layer of liquid metal. This paper will discuss the reasons to believe the theory that the Earth has a molten core, and the important discoveries that have lead to this generally accepted theory. It is very reasonable to agree with this theory when paying credence to the logical evidence that answers questions about the Earths core. This evidence includes selective information about the elemental make up of the Earth, the reason for the Earths magnetic field, and some of the possibilities of the Earths formation.Dr. Ken Rubin, an assistant professor of geology at the University of Hawaii. Explains that the Earth is made up of an accumulation of all of the sockn elements combined in different forms to make the various rocks, and minerals that are present in the crust, mantle, and core of the Earth. With the understanding of these elements and their propertie s we can begin to make judgments on the harder to observe questions, like that of the Earths interior make up. Knowing the properties allows for the determination of things on a much larger scale, such as the tautness of the Earth, which is crucial to understanding the Earths core. Much of what is known about the Earth can be learned from observing the other planets in our solar system. Every planet has a different mass and density. That means that planets create varied gravitational pulls on each other. By testing the effects of the Earths orbit on that of the other planets it becomes possible to estimate an overall density for the planet. Knowing the density of the Earth is extremely important to understanding its interior structure. Returning to ... ...its basic structure. Along with the new evidence of the Earths magnetic field originating in the Earths core, and new experiments, such as the multi-anvil press experiment, it is logical and more than plausible to believe that the Earths core is a liquid hot fluid made up of iron and nickel, surrounding a compressed solid metal center. Works CitedDr. Rubin, Ken. How do scientists know what is in the core of the earth?. 24 October 2002. .Kloeppel, Jim. Long-standing mystery of earths inner core may be solved. news bureau 1 contact 2002. The Source of the Earths Magnetic Field. 22 Oct. 2002. Earth Core Studies. 26 October 2002.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Essay -- essays research papers

What do you understand by the phrase stakeholder depth psychology? Attempt a stakeholder abridgment of an organisation that you are closely associated with.IntroductionStakeholder analysis is important for successful implementation of projects and/or strategic activities within any organisation. It is used to analyse the stakeholders in order to understand them and classify them according to their forcefulness, influence and interest. Stakeholders are people who have an interest in a commercial entity including those within the organisation and outside. These hold the boss, senior executives, customers, suppliers, government, your co-workers, the team and others. All these people are important in the implementation and success of strategy. The tool stakeholder analysis is used to -Identify people or groups and institutions that pull up stakes influence your initiativeAnticipate the kind of influence, positive or negative, these groups will have on your initiativeDevelop strategi es to get the most in force(p) support possible for your initiative and reduce any obstacles to successful implementation of your program.The following are steps that may be followed in using stakeholder analysisINDENTFY THE STAKEHOLDERSThere is need to think of all people who are to be affected by the project or strategy, those who have influence or power over it or have an interest in its successful or unsuccessful conclusion. Stake holders for Delta corporation include- &61692Government departments( Zimra, RBZ, Min of industry trade wind and commerce, ministry of sports and culture)&61692Municipal authorities&61692Standards association&61692Customers&61692Employees&61692Management&61692Trade union&61692National employment council&61692Directors and shareholders&61692Suppliers&61692The community and the public&61692My family and extended family&61692&... ...nbspWho else might be influenced by their opinions? Do these people become stakeholders in their own right?Talking directl y to the stakeholders will help answer most of these key questions. For IT projects meeting the key stakeholders in a forum to review progress on the project is key to its success. Therefore a well drawn up project plan will ensure that there is enough representation of the stakeholders at the regular project review meetings.Identify those stakeholders that may try to bring to a halt or slowdown the successful implementation of the project.CONCLUSIONIn any project it is important to do a stakeholder analysis in order to be equal to(p) to identify the stakeholders and prioritise them by power and their interest to the success of the strategy or project. Once you identify them there is need to fully understand what motivates them in this project and what might be done to get their much needed support, thereby reducing obstacles to successful implementation. There maybe need to dangle carrots in order to get buy in from key stake holders. Incentives and rewards goes a long way in moti vating other stakeholders to get results oriented effort.

The Formulaic and Episodic X-Files and Supernatural Essays -- Televis

The subjects of this study, The X-Files (Carter, 1993-2002) and Supernatural (Kripke, 2005-), can be seen as innovative pioneers of narrative complexness and of the monster-of-the-week (MOTW) concept. Mittel identifies narrative complexity,At its most basic level, narrative complexity is a redefinition of episodic forms under the influence of serial narrationnot necessarily a complete merger of episodic and serial forms but a shifting balance. Rejecting the need for plot closure within every episode that typifies conventional episodic form, narrative complexity foregrounds ongoing stories across a ambit of genres. Additionally, narrative complexity moves serial form outside of the generic assumptions. (Mittel, 2006, p.32)The monster-of-the-week concept is rather self-explanatory, but can be described as telling standalone stories that literally feature a monster, or enemy, every week however, The X-Files have challenged the serial, standalone nature of the concept (Kruse, 1997-8, p. 110).The X-Files stars FBI agents, Mulder and Scully, as they take charge in investigating the X files (cases that pass through unknown phenomena). Mulder, the believer, and Scully, the sceptic, face corrupt government officials and monstrous mutants while trying to uncover the meaning to unknown phenomena that otherwise, cannot be explained. The episodic and formulaic serial allow Mulder and Scully to face phenomena after phenomena while being spliced with an undercurrent of the more serial format of a greater mytharc concerning government corruption and of the alien colony of earth. Supernatural tells the story of Dean and Sam Winchester, brothers-in-arms, who also, within formulaic and self-contained episodes, hunt monsters... ...d Everyday Life in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In M. Hammond and L, Mazdon, eds. 2005. The Contemporary picture Series. Edinburgh Edinburg University Press, pp.159-182.Hodges, L., 2008. Mainstreaming Marginality Genre, Hybridity, and Postmodernism in The X-Files. In J. P. Tellote, ed. 2008. The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. Kentucky Kentucky University Press, pp.231-246.Mittel, J., 2007. Film and Television Narrative. In D. Herman, ed. 2007. The Cambridge Companion to Narrative. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp.156-171.Mittell, J., 2006. Narrative Complexity in Contemporary American Television. The Velvet Light Trap, 58(32), pp.29-40 Nixon, N., 1998. Making Monsters, or Serializing Killers. In R. Martin and E, Savoy, eds. 1998. American Gothic New Interventions in a National Narrative. Iowa Iowa University Press, pp.217-236.

Comparing Alienation in My Life to Frost’s Mending Wall and Melville’s

Comparing Alienation in My Life to Frosts Mending Wall and Melvilles Bartleby, the penmanA mere cursory glance at my life suggests that my life has been free from alienation. While it is true that as a heterosexual Caucasian male growing up in a predominately white community I did non experience much closing off based on my skin color, my gender, or my sexual orientation. I was not immune to alienation as a child. My timidity that came about as a result of having no older siblings in whose steps I could follow, in addition to my slightly above-average intelligence proved to be the grounds for fellow students to work me differently than they treated others. My feelings of alienation while growing up are similar to those both the speaker of Robert Frosts Mending Wall, and Bartleby, of Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener experience.Just as in Frosts Mending Wall, the speaker questions why his neighbor insists upon keeping the barrier between the two, asking, Why do they fences take up good neighbors? so I, to this day, question why I was alienated as a child (line 30). In my first few years of grade school, I had lots of friends - it seemed as though everyone liked everyone else. As time progressed, however, students began to notice differences between themselves and others and act according to those often inaccurate perceptions. I remember cosmos criticized for a variety of unsubstantiated reasons - whether it was for tucking my shirt in when it was popular to leave t-shirts untucked, for not having heard of the latest musical group, for doing my work diligently, or for getting a 100% on the test - the sarcastic and hurtful remarks did not sit well with me. Though it is clear they most likely made such co... ...at he simply would prefer not to.Allowing myself to feel alienated by living in submission to my fears made my early days at school miserable. none the less, in the end, the situation turned out for the better. As my peers and I matured and I pr oved myself to them by making my voice heard in straighten out discussions and other aspects of school outside of academics, and as I learned to expect more from others, the alienation slowly came nearly to a standstill. There will everlastingly be those who treat some people poorly. Thats their loss. Once one is able to acknowledge the fact that though unfriendly, ill-natured people do exist, not all humanity acts as such, his alienation can be overcome. Even Bartleby and Frosts narrator could have overcome their alienation. All they had to do was personate forth some effort to break down the barriers between themselves and their peers.

Comparing Alienation in My Life to Frost’s Mending Wall and Melville’s

Comparing Alienation in My Life to Frosts Mending Wall and Melvilles Bartleby, the ScrivenerA mere cursory glance at my life suggests that my life has been free from alienation. While it is true that as a hetero inner Caucasian male suppuration up in a predominately white community I did not experience much isolation based on my skin color, my gender, or my sexual orientation. I was not immune to alienation as a child. My timidity that came about as a result of having no older siblings in whose step I could follow, in addition to my slightly above-average intelligence proved to be the grounds for fellow students to treat me differently than they treated others. My feelings of alienation while ontogenesis up are similar to those both the speaker of Robert Frosts Mending Wall, and Bartleby, of Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener experience.Just as in Frosts Mending Wall, the speaker questions why his neighbor insists upon keeping the barrier between the two, asking, Why do they fences make good neighbors? so I, to this day, question why I was alien as a child (line 30). In my first few years of grade school, I had lots of friends - it seemed as though everyone liked everyone else. As time progressed, however, students began to notice differences between themselves and others and act according to those often inaccurate perceptions. I remember being criticized for a variety of unsubstantiated reasons - whether it was for tucking my shirt in when it was popular to leave t-shirts untucked, for not having heard of the latest musical group, for doing my work diligently, or for getting a 100% on the test - the sarcastic and unhealthful remarks did not sit well with me. Though it is clear they most likely made such co... ...at he simply would prefer not to.Allowing myself to feel alienated by living in submission to my fears made my early days at school miserable. None the less, in the end, the situation turned out for the better. As my peers and I matured and I proved myself to them by making my voice heard in class discussions and other aspects of school outside of academics, and as I learned to expect more from others, the alienation slowly came nearly to a standstill. There will always be those who treat some people poorly. Thats their loss. Once one is able to acknowledge the fact that though unfriendly, ill-natured people do exist, not all humanity acts as such, his alienation understructure be overcome. Even Bartleby and Frosts narrator could have overcome their alienation. All they had to do was put forth some effort to break peck the barriers between themselves and their peers.

Comparison Pygmalion & Pretty Woman Essay

The comparative study of Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Pretty Woman by Gary Marshall has enhanced my perception of the shared concerns of the ii texts. The representation however, is alter by the differing political, historical and tender context of the time period of production. Both composers cast illuminated the central concerns of the transformations of their female protagonists Eliza and Vivian from rags to riches while also exploring and criticising the social class division within society. Both composers convey their protagonists as working class citizens who are far from living their dream. Eliza in Pygmalion, a young acme girl who sells flowers in Covent Garden (a place where all social classes come together) is portrayed as a vulnerable, illiterate girl who reassures herself of being worthy of achieving her goals. This is represent when she states Im a ripe girl, I am as it shows that she has faith in herself and that she will do whatever it takes, for one day she ma y work in a shop of her own. In contrast with Eliza, Gary Marshall characterizes Vivian as a typical American prostitute.The scene introducing Vivian is set in her cluttered house illustrating her cheesy and unorganised lifestyle. Marshall uses dark lighting in the nightclub which gives us an overshadowing idea about Vivians life being dark and cynical and give care Eliza, very vulnerable. Transformation is slowly taking place upon the two girls as Higgins and Edward are introduced into girls lives. Higgins helps with Elizas phonetics and pronunciation of speech. Eliza is determined to become a lady aft(prenominal) Higgins is dared to turn her into a duchess and gradually she learns the basics to becoming a lady. The first representation of her progress is at the at home afternoon with Higgins mother. Here we honor that Eliza has learnt the basic traits of a woman but her vocabulary is not wide enough to keep a conversation. She gets rather carried away and starts to say inappro priate things, for framework telling Mrs Higgins My aunt died of influenza so they said.The concept of transformation also occurs through Vivian in Pretty Woman when Edward hires her for the week and she slowly retains a higher self esteem because he treats her with respect. He buys her clothes to improve her physical appearance and the first real test of her transformation occurs at dinner. She learns how to let out when spoken to and her manners but she still isnt of high social standing despite whether she looks it or not. This is displayed when she tries to pick up her snail and it slips out of her tongs and she quite confidently but embarrassingly states slippery little suckers. We see eventually a great change in both women in the two texts from where they started off from. The end of the transformation for Eliza is in the last scene when she is at Mrs Higgins house after not accepting the way Higgins treated her.She now is inviolable enough to stand up for herself against Higgins and states And I should like Professor Higgins to call me Miss Doolittle. For Vivian, it is when Edward has to go back to New York and they have to end their relationship and Edward says I would really like to see you again and then Vivian says What else? Youll leave some money by the bed when you pass through town? It completes her transformation as she no longer will let anyone boss her around. Although both women transformed, there was still many aspects of them that would never change. Vivian still speaks her mind, as does Eliza because thats how the girls were taught and brought up. Bernard Shaw uses language features in Pygmalion to highlight the journey and transformation of Eliza. Set in the Victorian Era, there is a large gap betwixt working and high social classes and Elizas goal is to speak, walk, and look like a lady from the Upper class.The difference in the way the two classes speak is outstanding, with Elizas vocabulary reaching a maximum of a few words, Shaw conveys her as being very improper. This is established when she says Ow, eez, y-ooa san, is e? as it becomes clear that she does not speak very good English. Whereas Higgins, a member of the high class uses such vocabulary as Not me Governor, thank you kindly The master(prenominal) ideas and themes include the clear distinction between the social classes and how they respond and react when in the presence of another. The Victorian Era influenced modern society in how people were placed in a hierarchy. In comparison to Pygmalion, Pretty Woman was set in the 1980s America, which is a lot more modern than Victorian Era. Pretty Womans main themes consist of being highly sexualised, corporate greed and wealth.Like Pygmalion, there is an outstanding overarching hierarchy which separates the classes. Vivian is a prostitute in Hollywood which displays the sense of insecurities in herself and also the people around her. Edward helps her transform into a lady without her even realizing it. She speaks of very low concern and thought of others, using lines such as I can do anything I want, Im not lost and I cant believe you bought drugs with our rent, what is wrong with you? The transformation of the two girls is immaculate by the end of the text but it also shows that as much as they try to become members of the higher class, they will always still have the traits of the lower class. Overall, the two texts enhanced my perception of the social, historical and political values by comparing the two Eras and will always get good reviews because they backtrack a wide variety or circumstances.

Explain the principal social perspective

Functionalism is a structural (macro) perspective that suggests that our behaviour is influenced by the ordination is organised. They swear that the institutions throw a major intrusion on how we be name in the community. The respective(prenominal)s be constrained by the smart set, and the functionalists views the individuals in the society as a puppets. Functionalists says we as an individual swallow little power about what we do and the institution influences us. This mass be incurn in society in form of laws, norms, values (norm underpins values), beliefs and relationship. This theory suggests that the individuals in the society essential be capture properly otherwise, they argon regarded as deviant and are punished.Functionalism believes that every part of the society are interdependent with each other, which helps society to confine discharge. It is almost like a human being body, where different parts of the body has a function to arresther, which keep it alive and healthy this is c wholeed organic analogy. For instance, the family helps by carry up the next generation about the patterns of shared and st suitable behaviour that are called genial order. Different companionable institution such(prenominal) as, legal system, political system, health system, family system and education system work to viewher to maintain a stable society from generation to generation. For instance, the legal system provides laws, norms that underpin values, safety, objurgate and order and the health system provides free health service, family system provides help in reproduction that increases the economy. All of these institutions together to form an integrated whole society or friendly structure.The major function of these social constitutions are to set out individual to follow the norms that underpins values and internalize them, which leads to value consensus. According to Talcott Parson, society is base on value consensus where shared and common v alues and behavioural norms lead to a common culture. Consensus is an agree handst in the society about the values, and have freedom, touchity, nicety and fairness. These values are acquired by passing down from generation to generation, through primary socialisation. These values benefit everybody equally, some the example of values that exist in our society are right for equality, justice and privacy. There are mechanism of social comptroller in the society, like punishment and rewards. Socialisation and social control ensure that at that place is equilibrium in the society. The process of socialisation achieves equilibrium in the society, whereas family, religion, law and mass media, which are the agents of socialisation, are responsible for maintaining the equilibrium.The functionalist believes that the western societies are meritocratic, which means the system rewards the individual in the society based on their effort and talent and social mobility is possible in this syst em. They also believe that tribe in the society buns achieve status by working hard and there is equality of opportunity in the society.Talcott Parsons proposed the functionalist approach, which considers health and malady and assumes blackball explanation of health. He described that illness is a form of deviance that distracts proper functioning of the society, in the same modality that crime does. Ill members in the society must perform a social role where sick role consists of four elements, two of which are right and responsibilities. The rights associated with the sick role was to be excused from normal social obligation and be cared for, whereas the responsibilities were to take steps to get better and co-operating with the checkup commerceals such as doctors. This view suggests that ill must be cared for and must be dealt with as soon as possible in order for the society to run smoothly.1. MarxismThe founder of Marxism is Karl Marx (1818-1883), who was a German philo sopher, economist, sociologist and ultra socialist.Marxism structural (macro) perspective, where our behaviour is determined by the way society is organised. The social institutions such as laws, rules and norms have big impact on how we behave and we are controlled by the society. losss believes that the society is not interdependent, instead it believes that economy is the base or infrastructure of the society, and our behaviour depends upon the economy of the society. red inks sees the society as a system that operates to make profit for the upper stratum. Whereas the working class are socially engineered to conform the needs of the upper class who benefit from the societies using capitalist economic system. Capitalists exists all around the world and the economies of industrial societies in the west are based on capitalism. Marxists explains that the capitalists economies compromises two main social class the capitalists and the workers. The upper class population were the c apitalists who were regarded as powerful, whereas the workers or the labours were the lower class raft and were seen as powerless puppets.The capitalists exploits the workers since they do not get recognition for what they do as get have minimum wage and make surplus profit by persuading the lower class to buy the goods by advertising. The capitalists are adversary of socialism since the capitalists control what we deliberate and what we do, the working class stack are brain washed into accepting set of beliefs that benefits the capitalists. These messages are seen to be transmitted through the heathen institutions such as media, which are controlled by the capitalists to influence the workers. The capitalists creates the dominant values that benefits the powerful and disadvantages the powerless. For instance, the monarch claim their position as god gifted and the religion help supports their point, due to which the working class people are convinced to what have to say since they have faith in their religion.Inequality in capitalist societies still exists and is raw still they do not recognise it because the capitalists convince them that it is their fault for not achieving what they want. For instance, the capitalists would convince working class by saying the GCSE result of upper class is higher than that of lower class because they have been able to provide private tutors for their children, and it would be their fault if their children got low grade, since they were not able to provide their children with private tutors.Marxist believes that the definition of health and illness and the health and social care service provided to the powerless serve the interests of the powerful dominant classes. The capitalists regard people who do not produce wealth as unhealthy. Marxists believe that doctors are the example of agents that work for capitalists interests earlier than those of patients so that they can go to work as soon as possible and provide the capitalists with healthy work force. The government allows the capitalists to make profit from the products that cause health cut downs, such as alcohol and tobacco. The industries that capitalists establish cause to back up the atmosphere and produce toxic waste that affect the people and get ill. This approach believes that illness is related to difference in the social class. For instance, poverty-stricken areas have higher levels of illness and have lower life expectancy. According to this approach, the government do no handle this issue as this would make people ill, as this leads this money and the capitalists would make advantage of it.1. Feminists feminism is a range of sweats and ideologies that work towards goal, which establish and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, individualal and social rights for women. Feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in different sectors like education and employment and supports for equal rights and equality of women. The feminists believe that gender inequality still exists in todays society.Feminism is a perspective that believes that women are disadvantaged in the society and should have equal rights with the men. The feminists are critical of patriarchy. Patriarchy is a social system where the men hold the power and authority. The women have fought throughout the tale for their rights and equality, which caused creation of waves of feminism. The first wave was observed in the mid late 19th century, campaigning for the convince in rights for the women in early 20th century. They campaigned for two main strategy right to vote and right to be educated. In 1928, the women were given the right to vote, but only rich women over 30 who owned property were allowed.The second wave of feminism was observed from 1960s, this lead to the formation of Womens Rights Movement (WRM) and Womens Liberation Movement (WLM). These organisations campaigned for right to equal pay act, domesticated viol ence, sex discrimination, employment, violence services, education, family and health & social care. WRM and WLM were successful in achieving their rights for Equal pay defend in (1970), Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and right to be educated and be employed.Due to variation in opinion of causes of gender inequality and solutions to it, there was formation of three types of feminism liberal feminism, Marxist feminism and radical feminism. Liberal feminism proposed that gender inequality stills exists in the society because of social and cultural attitudes that is gained by the process of socialisation i.e. primary and secondary socialisation. Liberal feminist helped to promote equality through Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Act. Marxist feminism explained that the capitalists to earn profit using women. They would persuade women to buy groceries such as fabric s a great dealer, so that they would spend their money and exploit them. Radical feminism explains that the society is rul ed by the men, whereas the female are oppressed, exploited and are regarded as second-class citizen. It states that men exploit women by relying on free domestic labour and men may use aggression to control women in the home. Through the gender role socialisation, women are convinced to accept female mastery and see motherhood as a key goal in life.The feminist writers have focused male domination in the medical profession and its effects on women. They are concerned with the way in which pregnancy and childbirth have been regarded as a medical issue rather than as natural process. Feminist writers have protested on the way which the medical professions and related pharmaceutical industries have given low priority about development and promotion of male contraceptives. It explains how women had to face medical conditions such as mental health, anxiety and depression using the contraceptives, due to which their position in the society is exploited. Theorist have been concerned about the impact of social inequality on womens health and dual role of women.1. InteractionismThe founder of interactionism was Max Weber.Interpretivist describe that the society and the social structure are seen as the creation of individuals. Unlike functionalists, they see individuals of the society as actors not as puppets. The individuals have free will and are able to make choices of their own. Unlike in the functionalism, the power come from bottom to up. They believe that the peoples choices or decisions are influenced by how they make sense of social situations. For instance, marriage means different things to different person an individual whose parents are divorced might have prejudicious definition of marriage, whereas the individual who have vainglorious up in a good family might have positive definition of marriage.The Interpretivist suggests that people make printing on how you perceive symbols, they make impression on what you wear. For instance, people will make assu mption that you are smart, just because you wear glasses. These theorists are concerned with the small or micro scale situations rather than the systems, they focus on the individuals in social interaction situations. Interpretivist believe that our identity is based on how we see ourselves or how other sees us. For instance, if a student in the school is praised and us labelled as smart, then he/she might do better his/her studies as this helps to boost their self-esteem. We get influenced by media, friends and family about how we see ourselves.According to Browne labelling refers to defining a person or a group in a certain way-as a particular type of person or a group. According to Interpretivist people are attached to the labelled and it can actually damage some group of people such as disabled people. The person labelled behaves in the same way expected and they have fulfilled the prophecy and lived up to the label.Interactionist believe that health and illness are the product of social construction that affects peoples wellbeing. They believe that disorder is socially constructed. Disease does not exist as a social phenomenon until it is somehow perceived as existing (Rosenberg 1989). This approach focuses on negotiation between the patients and medical practitioners. For instance, a female patient would feel comfortable to piffle to female doctor about her reproductive health rather than a male doctor. They are concerned with labelling and self-image and social interaction differences affected by class, ethnicity and age. typic interactionism is critical of Marxists and Functionalists as Interpretivist look individual as subjective through doctor and patient exchange. The argument here is that illness is a social diagnosis among actors rather than just a matter of physiological malfunction.1. PostmodernismPostmodernism is an approach in sociology as well as in other subjects, which believes that society is changing promptly and continuously, which is marked as an uncertainty and the social structure are being replaced by whole range of different and constantly changing social relationships. This theory believes that modern society was substantial at around 1750s and has been replaced by the end of 20th century due to massive social change. The Functionalists and the Marxism perspective might be interested in modernity as they thought that if properly understood, societies could be improved. But the postmodernists argue that there is no longer a place in sociology for these type of theory.This theory suggests that the postmodern society has no progress, predictability (norms that people would predict to behave), order and continuity, due to which insecurities and anxiety has been developed in people living in postmodern society as people do not know how to behave and what is expected from others. Order, predictability and continuity are essential as it gives us turning and reassurance that provides us safety and security. So ciety has changed as it has gone through different industrial revolution or industrialisation, technological advances, urbanisation and secularisation. Industrialisation is the process of going from agricultural economy to heavy industrial/manufacturing economy. Secularisation is the decline of belief in religion due to rise of science whereas urbanisation means movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities.Postmodernists suggests that modern society no longer exists and we live in a postmodern era or in post modernity, where the society is media saturated. Due to the revolution of technology, globalisation has occurred where the world has become a smaller place to live in. The mass media has dominated our lives to the extent that we confuse media images with reality. This theory concludes that people in the postmodern society can have their own form of identities, how they want to see themselves or how they want to define themselves. There is diversity, choices and pick a nd shamble culture in this society. There is no imposition on people on how to behave and there is tractability in the work. Due to fluidity and flexibility in the postmodern society, people might feel insecure and unsafe.1. Collectivists and New RightsCollectivistsCollectivists believes that their goal are more central than the individual goals because they believe that society as a whole has more importance than the individual alone. This theory focuses on the importance of the society and community and gives priority to the group goals than the individual goals.This approach aims to prognosticate the inequalities in the society due to different levels of wealth and status in the society. With an aim to sort out the inequalities, welfare state was established to get unblock of five giant evils want (poverty), idleness (unemployment), squalor (poor quality housing) and ignorance (underachievement). Services were made free after these giant evils were identified. To eradicate d isease existing in the society, NHS service was established in 1948 to make sure that the people lived healthy life. The basic principle of collectivism is to provide people with education, health and social services for the individuals in the society who cannot afford it through taxes then access on the basis of rights as opposed to the ability to pay.These helped to provide foundation for the Welfare separate which is based on the collectivists principle cradle to grave or child to old age pension. This approach was adopted by The Labour Party who correspond workers which aimed for the redistribution of wealth through taxes. In this policy, the government would cut off taxes from the wealthy people and share it with the poor (shares some ideas with Marxists). Collectivists believes that we have equal rights and the government should circularize responsibility for Welfare State.The New Rights criticises the Collectivism as it creates the dependency culture. They point out that p eople become irresponsible, lazy and don not work as benefits are demotivating for the people.New rightsThe New Right was popular during 1980s. They are the political movement with a considerable cultural influence that looks at individualism and intuition of the state as controlling and interfering in what is essentially the private world of the individual. They proposed to cut the public spending and cut taxes. They wanted the rich people to have more money to spend money as they choose. The New rights was critical of Collectivists stating that the rising costs to government of the welfare state were preventing the economic evolution and the individuals were becoming dependant on the welfare state. The New Rights were critical of public services owned/controlled by the government and they preferred pro private services e.g. education and health care. The New Right is argued to favour the rich, but they believe that everybody in the society has equal opportunity, so anyone can be come rich. E.g. Alan Sugar. They believe that people must be responsible for their own and their familys welfare and they should not be dependent on the government. The New Rights are completely opposite to Collectivism. The most radical New Rights would abolish the Welfare State.g) Bio-medical and social mystifysBio medical ModelBiomedical fabric focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. The doctors or the health care professionals are associated with the care and treatment of diseases in this model of health. The bio medical model accept a negative definition of health. The negative definition of health explains that the individual believes that they have good state of health and wellbeing because they have absence of physical illness, disease, injury, mental stress, free from pain and discomfort. The bio medical model of is dominant model in our society since it is based on objectivity thus this model has influenced or convinced people in the society . This model emphasises on diagnosis and treatment of the individuals separately from their living condition, due to which this model is not holistic approach. The reasons for illness are not at the centre of biomedical model.This model believes that health is a biological normality and describe that having ill health is deviant. This model believes that the disease is caused by identical factors such as germs, genes and accidents. They can be identified by having examination tests like blood, urine, saliva test, X-ray and MRI. They accept that the professionals diagnose disease then treatment is identified and cure is offered to the patient. The professionals views the human body as a machine and see things very clinically and do not really take consideration to peoples feeling.They often promote the view that disease or illness is temporary. This model indicates that we all have equal chance of getting ill and some people get ill due to weak health, whereas some people get ill due to factors such as weak sanitation. It assumes that medical treatment has had the most important impact on improving the health of individual. For instance, the NHS helps in the prolonged and preserves life, but this can be argued as health of an individual had already started to get better due to access to clean water, exercise and diet.The strength of bio medical model of health is that it is based on scientific knowledge and research and has provided many an(prenominal) effective treatments for disease and physical condition. The bio medical model of health has be successful to provide many effective cure and treatments for disease throughout the history of humankind. The weakness of biomedical model of health is that the treatments can be expensive and require training or expertise to deliver and this model focuses on the individual and pays insufficient attention to environmental and social factors, which is not a holistic approach.Social ModelThe social model accepts the pos itive definition of health. The positive definition of health can be described as the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability. This model believes that health is a relative conceit and a social construct. For instance, being voluptuous centuries ago was a sign of good health, but todays day it is regarded as health issue or overweight. This model claims that ill health is caused due to social factors (including environmental factors). For instance people can get ill because of the unhealthy diet they are consuming, poor living condition or pollution. This model is critical of modern medicine, which are elements of biomedical model. E.g. Iatrogenisis medicine caused deformity in the baby consumed by with child(predicate) mother eaten for nausea sickness.It argues with the biomedical model saying that illness is not randomly distributed and are critical of the assumption that medical treatments has had the most important impact on improving health. Socia l model can explain why population level health improvements were achieved when social conditions improved late 19th/early 20th centuries due to the improvement of sanitation and supply of clean water the health of population improved, and argues it was not because free health services was delivered to the people.The strengths of social model of health is that it focuses population health and takes a broad range of factors into account and it is widely used and understood by health care practitioners in developed countries. This model offers board and flexible and inclusive way of understanding health and illness. Whereas the weakness of this model is they do not have a clear way of identifying or classifying health problems and this model cannot explain illness or many mental health problems where there are no physical signs or symptoms, which can be distressing. The social model cannot be used to address an individuals health problems, especially where emergency care is needed.

Peace Cultures in Action Today Essay

In Peace Cultures in Action Today, the origin argues that some small isolated societies manage to create a culture of peace that often ends or is severely modified when they begin interacting with outside cultures. The blood then is that the greater society of the world is less peaceful than these small isolated societies. This theory warrants further study, especially in the area of how these societies react when confronted with societies that do not have the same values.For example, when the Zuni and Inuit are confronted by the larger populace of the United States, do they become more competitive? The interesting question here then is, Is competititiveness and aggression a learned air? In the piece, To Construct Peace , Elise and Kenneth Boulding too argue that peaceable existence is a learned behavior and that it can be taught. Elise was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize for this theory, but it does not seem particularly sound.Even their own pacifist leanings led to conflict. though the conflict was in the court systems over the right to become a citizen without an oath to bear arms for the country and a battle over their refusal to sign on anti-Communist statements during the McCarthy era, it was still a conflict based on their moral standing. Therefore, it is safe to believe that even in people who believe in and are taught to exist in peace, conflict may be inevitable when dealing with the real world.Later the same peace cites Thomas Merton and his poetry and meditations against war and his disappointment that the church service could support a just war theory. This again is an interesting position that requires more exploration. Should society allow tragic events to continue because of a belief in peace or should war become a tool of peace? The moral and social ambiguities are clear.If a person is being oppressed and his pacificits temper is being used to subjugate or eradicate him, isnt there some point at which man must fight for his own sele ction? This is the point that all of the essayists seem to miss. Peace for peaces sake is a good thing and being taught to attempt peaceful coexistence before straight turning to aggressive behaviors may be appropriate. However, if the species is to survive, at some point base instincts overcome learning and the fight for survival becomes more powerful that the passion for peace.

Boise Art Museum Essay

Boise Art Museum is located in a serene environment with beautifully manicured lawns adorned with various artifacts. I had the license of visiting this renowned museum on 18th howling(a) 2003. During this time an exhibition showing the ceramic artistic works of Wanxin Zhang was ongoing. The ceramic works featured Chinese figures molded to the height of an average person and each piece having its own uniqueness. Each of the figures represented different emotions and personalities.Some of the figures even had clothing that depicted a combination of tradition and modernity. One astonishing aspect about the figures is how the artist managed such art with such huge ceramics. This depicted mastery of the art. Although all the figures were brownness in color and more or less of the same size, it was very easy to discern differences in terms of the emotions and personalities displayed by the clothing, posture and facial expressions. This outline how diversity can be achieved in art just by varying aspects such as posture and facial expression.The technique was superb as the artist managed utilize contour to bring out contrast in different parts of the body and to create outline for the clothing. The finishing was also fluent and rough surfaces were meant to bring certain aspects of the figure such as clothing. The figures are also amazing due to the extent that they manage to combine tradition and modernity. spirit at the figures one also notices the sense of humor of the artist. Some figures were adorned with glasses and some had neck ties.This gave the figures a funny and a ridiculous look. primarily the artist outlined how possible though ridiculous it would be to combine tradition and modernity in a single piece of work. This is actually a very rare observation considering that the figures still manage to look artistic and portray a rich Chinese culture. Reference Boise Art Museum. (2010, August 18). Wanxin Zhang A Ten Year Survey. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Boise Art Museum http//boiseartmuseum. org/exhibit/current. php

John Boehner

I. Personal Background A. Family 1. Birth place 2. Born November 17, 1949 to Mary Anne and Earl Henry Boehner 3. Married to Debbie Boehner B. Education 1. Boehner attended Cincinnatis Moeller laid-back School and was a Linebacker on the schools football team 2. Graduating from Moeller in 1968 3. Boehner enlisted in the United States Navy but was administratively separated after viii weeks because of a bad back. 4. He earned his B. A. In Business Administration from Xavier University in 1977 . Shortly after his graduation in 1977, Boehner accepted a sit with Nucite Sales, a small sales business in the packaging and plastics industry. II. political Influences & Development A. Political Influences 1. Newt Gingrich a. republican lawmaker & Engineer 2. Dick Gephardt B. Political Development 1. From 1995 to 1999, Boehner served as abode republican Conference Chairman which is the party caucus for Republicans in the United States House of Representatives 2.During his time as Conference Chairman, Boehner championed the emancipation To Fact Act that, among other provisions, revises and simplifies direct payment programs for crops and eliminates milk price supports through direct government purchases. 3. In 1998, Boehner was ousted as the chairman of the House Republican Conference, after his party lost five congressional seats. III. Contributions & Writings A. Media Attention 1. During his freshman year, Boehner was a member of the Gand Of Seven which was involved in bring media attention to the House banking scandal. B.Boehner & Senator Ted Kennedy authored the passage of No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 1. Was signed by President Goerge W. Bush. In 2002. 2. Boehner said that it was his proudest achievement in two decades of public service. 3. Boehner was friends with Kennedy, also a Roman Catholic, and every year they chaired fundraisers for cash-strapped Catholic schools. IV. Political Achievements A. In an upset, Boehner was elected by his colleagues to serve as House Majority Leader on February 2, 2006. 1. The election followed Tom DeLays resignation from the post after being indicted on criminal charges.B. Boehner campaigned as a reform campaigner who wanted to reform the so-called earmark process and rein in government spending 1. He defeated Majority Whip Roy Blunt from bit Representative John Shadegg of Arizona. C. After the Republicans lost control of the House in the 2006 elections, the House Republican Conference chose Boehner as Minority Leader. 1. As such, he was the Republican nominee for Speaker in 2006 and 2008. V. Personal Conclusion 1. Speaker Boehner 1. Speaker of the House. 2. Congressmen John Boehner 1. John Boehner, part of Congress.

Ordinary Or Proportionate Care

In medical terms, ordinary or proportionate sustenance, which is beneficial, useful, and not unreasonably burdensome to the patient, is morally obligatory. On the different hand, extraordinary or disproportionate care, which whitethorn include exotic, experimental, or excessively burdensome treatments that are unlikely to benefit a patient or that include un level-headed costs relative to benefits, is not morally obligatory, though a patient may choose to accept it.The categories of proportionate and disproportionate care therefore, allow us to navigate between two dangerous extremes the fundamentals that would have us preserve life at all costs by any means necessary without regard for the burdens imposed on the patient, and the fatalism that would tempt us to give up on gravely ill patients before their metre and violate their rights to life and basic care.In the case of Roger Allen, his directive not to undergo surgery anymore if there is no guarantee that he depart happen an d assume a normal life is based on his right as an individual to decide what he wants to do with his body and to be protected from unwanted interference from others. In his perspective, Mr. Allen may be thinking that the burdens of treatment in terms pain, effort and costs are disproportionate relative to the expect benefits of the treatment.In the first place, there is no guarantee that the surgery will restore his health. If it fails, either he will die or he lives, only to be a burden to his two daughters and relatives in terms of financial costs as well as efforts of caregiving, not to mention the emotional pain that his daughters and relatives will be experiencing due to his condition. On the other hand, if we look at the daughters perspective, it is only natural that they will try to exhaust any means to save their sustains life.If surgery fails and in the end their father dies, at least their minds and hearts are at peace knowing that they have done their scoop up to save him rather than being tormented for the rest of their lives with the idea that they could have tried at that slim chance to save him. In my opinion however, the quest of the daughters to monitor their fathers condition after surgery for six months is too long. I think one to two months would be long enough. By that span of time, the medical professionals would be able to assess if there is improvement and a chance that the father will recover.Also in that span of time, the daughters decision may also change considering the physical, mental and emotional toll that they had experienced in the care of their father. On the part of the doctor, I think that he has no other choice but to insist the fathers wish. He himself, cannot guarantee the success of the surgery and medical treatment may only be prolonging the bedevilment of everyone concerned. Furthermore, in his perspective, discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate.No doubt, Mr. Allens treatment falls under this category since the symptomatic tests reveal significant brain damage and internal bleeding of unknown origin, requiring exploratory surgery. In his case, one does not will to cause death ones unfitness to impede it is merely accepted. The decision is made by the patient himself assuming that he is competent and able or, if not, by those legally entitled to act for the patient, whose reasonable will and legitimate interests must always be respected.

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of “Translations” Helped You Essay

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of Translations Helped You To Understand The Contexts Of The Play In Scene 1?The first act of Friels play Translations features many different contexts ranging from the infamous potato famine to hinting at the possible dramatis personaeing of the present day IRA (the Donnelly twins,) and politics. 1 of the major contexts that also coincide with the title of the play is translation. The translation of Irish name into position name. I only realised this by reading a Canadian writers essay on lecture and its importance in Translations. Especially in relation to Owen and his take on the Irish language. Where as many Irish people, at the beat, saw the English to be taking away Irelands identity by colonizing it and changing names, language and so forthOwen seems to be nave and miss this. By changing place names they are not only taking away identity but also some subject more intimate, a part of their lifestyle. because when the English mistake Owens name to be Roland it seems to be Manus who is more frustrated by this whereas Owen says Owen Roland- what the hell. Its only a name. Its the same me, isnt it. The importance (or un-importance, depending how you want to perceive it) of names is brought up firstly at the start of the play when Manus is teaching Sarah to speak.It is important to note that the first thing Manus teaches her to say is her name, also her identity. Owens ignorance for the colonisation is shown again when he says, my job is to translate the quaint, archaic tongue you people persist in speaking into the Kings adept English. One quote from the particular essay by the Canadian writer says The Gaelic tongue is becoming obsolete in the wake of colonisation, Owen has boarded the ship of development disassociating himself from his foundation. Similar, in a sense, is Maires view on the English language and that it should be learnt.Maires view links in with another context shown in the play and that is the focus on dead languages, such as Greek and Latin and soon to be dead, Gaelic. By researching Irish history at the time the play is mend, it is easier to gather an understanding for the wanting of Maire to learn English. Dr Leon Litvacks paper on the historic and colonial context of Friels Translations illustrates this. Maires reference to Daniel OConnel, the disillusioned veteran who founded the catholic association, OConnel preached that it was necessary to learn English in order to allow Ireland to progress in a quickly ripeising western world. Hence Maire wanting to learn English rather than a dead language such as Greek or Latin as this go away be necessary if she is going to immigrate to the United States.One interpretation of the play is the focus on schools. Being set in an embezzledly incline hedge school, a place where Catholics turned to for education after the penal laws were instated. The time the play is set is during a major transition period when the English are tryin g to get rid of hedge schools and introduce new national schools. It has been shown by statistics that half a million Irish children received illegal tuition through hedge school. This links in with the whole idea of translations, as at the new national schools, where you were forced to go to by law, the language you would be taught in would be English, no longer Gaelic. To some people This was a problem but to others like Maire, English was seen as the language of opportunity. The senile language was a barrier to modern progress she quotes from the famous Daniel OConnel.There is an increasing amount of tension being built up in the first act with regards to the devastating potato famine. There is a sense of dramatic irony being shown as well. Seeing as the play is set in the 1830s this is only a short time before the potato blight occurred in 1845.this disaster caused the population of Ireland to drop from eight million subject to six million. It is believed that one million peop le died of starvation while another million were forced to immigrate to start new lives in Canada and America etc. It is obvious to the earreach that the famine go out occur but the characters in the play are blind to this even though the clues are all there.This is why the audience tend to sympathise for their negligence. Even when Jimmy Jack suggests to Doalty he should plant something other than potatoes, which is the correct thing to do, he just comically shrugs bump off the remark, Too lazy be Jesus to wash himself and hes lecturing me on agriculture Bridget also brings up the subject of the blight and its distinctive, threatening sweet smell, only to be aggressively dismissed by Maire. Sweet smell Sweet smell Every year at this time mortal comes back with stories of the sweet smell. Sweet God, Did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? Well, did they ever-ever? Never This is where the audience really begin to sympathise, as they know of the catastrophic effects that will s oon occur.Although Friel has not written the play from a biased or political point of view it is still possible to find the idea of the modern day IRA being formed in this play. This becomes more notice able as the play progresses. Although it is still possible to get an idea of this from Doaltys seemingly stainless antics with the British soldiers and his constant dodging of questions involving the Donnelly twins.Manus arent they at home?Doalty No.Manus Where are they then?Doalty How would I know?Even the interpret directions in this particular section lead us to believe something suspicious is going on, Doalty begins whistling through his teeth. Suddenly the atmosphere is silent and alert. To be able to understand that this may be about the IRA, background reading about the times the play is set and when the play was written (the 1970s, a time of spacious trouble and political unrest in Northern Ireland.) is necessary.The 1970s were a time when tension between Northern Ireland and England was at a peak. This also was about the time of the infamous Bloody Sunday. So it is possible that Friel may have tried to incur some of this in to the play. Although Seamus Deane says Translations is a sequence of events in history which are transformed by his writing into a parable of events in the present day. The play has also been described as an enlightening fable for the situation in Northern Ireland.The many contexts featured in the play are extremely important as they add a framework or shell to the play allowing it to go in many directions. Although it features so many different contexts Friel is quoted to say that Translations is to do with language and only language. Therefore not historical contexts. To become more familiar with the play and its many contexts background reading and the reading of other peoples interpretations are essential.By reading theses criticisms I have become more aware at how Friel has made the play so effective by setting it in the specific era. By doing this it makes it easier for the audience to see how the recent condition of Ireland spiralled way out of control originating in the mid 1800s. It also gives greater depth to the tragedy that will eventually pass and that the audience know the tragedy is coming but not on so many levels. Overall it is essential to at least to some form of background reading in order to understand the play to a higher level.

Herbert Marcuse: Life and Philosophies Essay

Herbert Marcuse was born in 1898 in Berlin and studied in Freiburg where he received his PhD in 1922 in Literature. His life was mainly depicted in his various roles as a philosopher, social theorist, and political activist and university professor. Known to us as the father of the New Left, he has authored m both books and wileicles in support of his sights. During his early years of c areer, he has worked with Martin Heidegger, then one of the most influential thinkers in Germany and who he has regarded his mentor.His initial cerebrations on philosophical perspectives of phenomenology, existentialism, and Marxism were show in his first published article in 1928. He had offered a different view just about Marxist thought and that is probably what scholars from the New Left had derived from him. He argued that in that respect is much to Marxism that most Marxists drop overlooked- it is more than a battle of transition from capitalism to socialism. He decided to join the Instit ut fur Sozialforschung in Frankfurt, later in Geneva and Columbia University.He studied Hegels Ontology and Theory of Historicity in 1932. He published in 1933, a major review of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts written by Marx in 1844, meant to correct the early interpretations of Marxist scholars. His theories were centered on slender perspectives on modern capitalism and subversive change and liberation from the rich hence the essence of his one-dimensional society and his concept of the great refusalConsequently, he became one of the most influential intellectuals in the United States during the 1960s and into the 1970s. Here he has written antecedent and Revolution (1941), which explored the birth of the ideas of Hegel, Marx, and modern social theory, introducing to English readers the Hegelian-Marxian tradition of dialectical thinking and social analysis.He has worked as the head of the Central European bureau by the end of World War II, afterwards which he returned to intellectual work and published eros and Civilization in 1955 which is a synthesis of Marx and Freud controversy that the unconscious contained evidence of an instinctual drive toward happiness and freedom articulated in daydreams, works of art, philosophy, and otherwise cultural products- a non-repressive civilization is imagined where libidinal and non-alienated labor, play, free and open sexuality manifest. He became a professor in Brandeis University and University of California in La Jolla.He died in 1979. Herbert Marcuses contribution to social theory transcends others in his use of Philosophy in his explanations. For one, his Philosophy of imposture is best characterized as negative art. His idea about a great art is one that is irrational, negative and destructive. Nonetheless, it is important in the society as it is useful. Again, going back from his Freudian cum Marxian critique of the capitalist society where this notion of art emanates Freuds psychology places a heavy emphasis on the role of (sexual) repression.The universe ruler replaces the pleasure principle in young children. This is the basis of civilized society, and nothing can satisfy these unconscious desires of adults. The self that represses and is stir by what is quash is the adult, social self slice the self that delights in the repressed is the childish, anti-social self. This repression is exemplified by phratry characters such as Peter Pan. A modification was make by Marcuse by adding a diversion between necessary and surplus repression. The former is essential for survival while the latter is take oned by other people (e.g. rulers).Surplus repression is eliminated while necessary repression is minimized by progress. However, surplus repression is heightened by the elite. If it was necessary repression that was world challenged, we would have the duty to constrain the outrage that people express as a product of inner conflict and preserve civilization. So that we c ould conquer the surplus repression on the other hand, we must release our surplus desires from all repressions. The art then serves as the reference work of such revolution. These conceptions of repression are evident in his Eros and Civilization.Any discussion about his Philosophy on dodge would have to deal with this critical work. Eros and Civilization may be considered a Marxist interpretation of Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents. Marcuse argued remote to Freud that repression of the Libido is not a necessary precondition of civilization but solely of a civilization circumscribed by want and toil, which is of frugal scarcity. (Eidelberg, 1969) Also, in One-Dimensional Man, he argued that subtle forms of repression exists amidst the freedom and affluence manifested in American society.From these two, he was able top coin the term repressive tolerance which according to him is generated by an economy based on planned obsolescence and the production of wastes. While th e economic establishment may develop useful and beneficial things, its existence depends primarily on the production of frivolous and even harmful things. And while it may sometimes satisfy certain inescapably, more often it manufactures a multiplicity of morose postulate (Eidelberg 1969) In addition, the products of the economy, like that in the entertainment industry needs createsthis false consciousness thru the re processs, beliefs, ideas and feelings that it carries which immunes the industry against falseness.The avowedly needs are repressed because the manufacturing and gratification of artificial needs produce a feeling of gratification which constrains the individual from opposing economic and political structures. This is why great art for Marcuse is one that is able to absolve from the manufactured rationality, positivism and subtle repressions of the society- one that goes out of the normal, accepted and gratified.There are certain forms of art that are meant to c onstitute the same ideas, sentiments and want that are categorized as false and are there to create a pleasant relationship between producers and consumers. Marcuses Philosophy of Art clearly follows his task of argumentations on repression. No good art would aim at participating in the creation of false consciousness and establish needs and wants that individuals do not regard as necessary. For Herbert Marcuse, true needs are those that the individual decides for him self because no need nor want may be dictated by any tribe, society, etc.Most of Marcuses philosophy arises from his interpretation of Hegels. In his work, Reason and Revolution, Pippin says that Most clearly, what Marcuse wants to preserve and take for in Hegel is the central place given in his system to negativism, the power of thought and action to reject and transform any putative positive reality, and the impossibility of understanding any such reality except in relation to this possibility. Accordingly, in Rea son and Revolution, he again rejects in Hegel all those aspects of his thought that tend to suppress or overcome this negating potential (Pippin 1988 Cited in Anderson 1993)It seems that this negativity will be the source and means of acquiring reason and knowledge that presupposes freedom from repression. This is the same negativity that Marcuse expresses in the great art. Anderson explains this negativity in relation to Marx and Hegel For Marx, as for Hegel, the dialectic takes note of the fact that the negation inherent in reality is the abject and creative principle. The dialectic is the dialectic of negativity Negativity is important to Marx in part because economic realities exhibit their own inherent negativity.Marcuses stress on Hegels concept of negativity is unexampled and original. (Anderson 1993) Hence, certain types of art exhibit the principle of negativity that may not portray existing realities as the essence of reality may indeed be implicit yet is creative to con vey ideas of the stranger and true. How then are Marcuses ideas especially his philosophies relevant in todays society? I could wholly think of the prevailing culture and how such is played by media, capitalism, political structures and organizations.How is repression exhibited by their activities and ideas? Which of our true needs are suppressed? Which of the needs they insist on the public are considered false needs? Where is art as the potential revolutionary tool to resist repression? Imagine television commercials that are made to promote certain products. While many are made to patronize the product, the demand has been created as a result of a dictation for the purpose of profit for the producer, tv network, etc. The demand created may only satisfy the superficial needs of the consumer.For, even if the will of the individual to consume the product may be voluntary, it is nonetheless a form of participation to the orthodox or mainstream beliefs and desires. The tv commercial becomes the tool for the working out of the false consciousness. The economic system created becomes a system of gratification of what seemingly appears as demand yet demand dictated by profit, ergo false. The true needs are repressed for the true need emerges as the ideas that are advocating liberation from the norm and comfortably accepted. Art could become a tool for this revolutionary endeavor.In the same way that Art could be appreciated readily in the societal market, it could contain subtle thoughts and ideologies aimed at pursuing true needs with less confrontation and hindrances. Art may take various forms paintings, music, architecture, literature, etc. While Art is also categorized as mainstream and peripheral, only those that are based on Reason may truly reflect realities and negate the economic rationalities presented in a repressed society. Herbert Marcuse has truly contributed a lot to the understanding of various societal aspects. His Philosophy of Art is a subject that is both enlightening and liberating.

Race and Ethnicity : the Difference Essay

American society is think so much on acknowledging differences and creating social divisions and categories, they hardly ever address similarities and possible race rivalizers. African Americans along with other races have been categorized due to distinctions in their facial features as well as hair texture and skin tones. The irony of it all is that, America is supposed to be a rump of equality and opportunity, yet it is seen to be the total opposite to many of the races who need the equality and opportunities.As an African American male I have been at every angle if racism. I have contestt it forth and received it four times fold. Through school, dating and courting, raising children of my own, and simple tasks, like driving to defecate early in the morning in a rental car, I have seen my share racial and ethical stigmas and stereotypes. From getting pulled over for being the only vehicle on the street at 4 in the morning, to non being able to date a girl I liked a lot becau se her fathers opinion of me seeming like trouble. And yes all these instances influence my life in many ways, from the way I have raised my children, to the route I take to work, the racially pore incidents affect my everyday life.But why does race or ethnicity matter so much anyways? why doesnt class make more than of a difference on how a per boy is judged? When pot look at class, they still break it down into racial and ethical categories. Regardless of is I were to be the highest of the upper class, or honorable in the top of the middle class, I am still theme of as a black male first and then my money taken into consideration depending on the situation. The one time I can recall my money was taken into consideration, it was still in address to my ethnicity.I was paying a ticket, which my son had received simply because he was in the wrong bit at the wrong time. But I was at the courthouse to pay this large ticket, and came with cash in hand. The cashier looked at me wi th a confused face, so I asked her what she was questioning. She responded, with the same look persisting on her face, virtually people cannot pay this ticket, and usually sit it out. How are you able to afford this?I did not reply, just simply took my receipt and went on with my day. I few days later, I received another tag saying I had not paid the ticket and a warrant would be issued in the succeeding(prenominal) week if it was not paid. I went back to the courthouse, receipt in hand, and got everything cleared up quickly. They needed more information. They wanted to verify my job and source of income and sorts, just digging into my personal life, wanting to know how I could afford to pay such a ticket for my son. This situation I felt was racially skewed and something I feel would have never happened had I been a white man, never the less had my son been a white young boy.Life throws curve-balls and I understand that I cannot catch them all. I compliments there was a way to discern whether they are truly just situational or racial. But careless(predicate) of if I could really tell or not, they would still happen and I would still have to deal with them simply. America is so focused on differences, no one is seen as possibly being equal in any measurement and that keeps the country stuck in a mindset. This mindset being Life not fair. Deal with it.

A Comparison of Moral Views Essay

When we think of ancient philosophies, we immediately think of the early Greek philosophers. Among them were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, considered as the Fathers of Philosophy. Although they have distinct views on some certain aspects, we all know that they are the most influential thinkers non unaccompanied during their obligingnessive times only today. This paper testament focus on the similarities and differences of the moral and ethical views of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.Socrates believed that self-knowledge will meet the conditions of having a estimable life. For Socrates, knowledge and virtue are of the same category. If a mortal could not learn knowledge, he cannot learn virtue. With this, he argued that virtue can be taught. The unexamined life is not expenditure living. Socrates believed that the pursue of knowledge and wisdom should always come first before any private interests. For him, quest knowledge is in accordance to ethical and moral correspondi ons.Socrates, considered to be the greatest philosopher of all time, assumed that argue will lead to the good life. He believed that the real ecstasy a person carry outd was influenced mainly by doing what seems to be right. When a persons true value and function is found, he will achieve happiness. The Socratic ethics can be categorized as teleological in nature. We humans act towards the good and these actions naturally have their purposes.Plato, like all the early philosophers, based his beliefs on ethics on virtues and human well-being. Platos beliefs on happiness diverged significantly from another(prenominal) philosophers views. Due to this, his time on describing his own concept of happiness was divided. He spent lots of time criticizing the customary beliefs of the good life. Plato similarly considered happiness as perfect and is not easily understandable since it is supported by metaphysical assumptions that attend to be vague and is impossible to be understood. The f ocuses on Platonic ethics are the problems and difficulties of an individual, not happiness as a factor of good-living.For Aristotle, ethical knowledge is considered to be a general knowledge and not a precise knowledge. He argued that ethical knowledge is not a theoretical discipline but rather functional in nature. Aristotle believed that to become good, a person should have experienced the actions of life and is in accordance to fine habits.He did not believe that merely studying virtues will make a particular individual virtuous. One should do righteous and honorable to be good and virtuous. Aristotle believed that reputation and respect only would give a person his happiness. He argued that an individual finds happiness by fulfilling his functions as a human being. For Aristotle, a humans function is to utilize what he has that everything else does not, his capacity to think or reason, or logos. A person using his ability to reason fulfills his nature as a sagacious soul and therefore finds his absolute happiness.For me, Aristotles ethical philosophy is the most applicable and the most practical to adapt. Unlike Socrates belief that an individual will be virtuous if he studies the virtues, Aristotle believed that one should act good to be good not by merely studying how to be good nor what is good. Plato, on the other hand, focused on what should not be done in order to make a persons life good. Aristotle argued that understanding what is good does not make a person good. So I think, Aristotles concept on morality stands among the three of them, just like the saying goes Actions speak louder than words.

Economics for Global Decision Makers

GB54001 Economics for Global end Makers Week 3-Unit 3 Dr. Barbara-Leigh Tonelli May 15 2012 I. Introduction II. Competition for natural endowment A. Recruiting III. Utilizing talent A. Cost B. accord or fire IV. Ability to point out talent A. Steps B. Actions V. Ability to gain talent A. Benefits B. write up VI. Ability to check talent A. Communication B. Opportunities VII. Ability to smash talent A. Training B. Promotion VIII. edgeination Introduction Effective hiring and personnel retention are keys to successful contrast. It tummy be easily argued that fear success depends on human assets not material assets.Materialistic suppose concern components plenty be bought and replaced with an order, however the talent masses female genitalia bring to an organization is not attained with the touch of a button. Hiring the right people is only a part of the successful caper formula. Retaining quality people is also important to telephone line success. What do firms n eed to do to attract and retain the most talented people as come up as utilization of their skills for company success? Competition for talent The advancements in travel and internet sire made recruitment a global competition. It is not a secret that a successful business oft has the most talented employees.Companies scramble to find the next and brightest in the work force. Business passenger cars know fair hiring practices can be a strong foundation for any business. Bad wages can lead to business failure. They incur to be creative in the musical modes they attract the most talented workers. Some companies save turned to recruiters and headhunters to attract the stovepipe candidates. Firms such as FESA Global Recruiters and CTPartners are often hired by companies to service of process attract the type of employee they intent cumulates its company needs. These companies will often seek out individuals they feel meet the criteria set by the hiring company.These companie s specialize in placing the best candidates with the best companies. A company can avoid direct competition by outsourcing its recruiting needs. Recruiting companies have a network of people and resources it uses to match companies and people. (McCool (2008)) Utilizing talent If a company does not have the right people in the right pedigree and so it will find it harder to achieve and maintain long term business success. Bradford Smith conducted a come after and from his findings he discovered that miss-hires cost a company as much as twenty-four clock the individuals base compensation. It takes to a greater extent than talent to ensure success.A Manager has to hire the correct skills for the job. An employee may be the best wood cutter in the world but it does little good for a company that cuts diamonds. A company must hire people with the talents and skills it needs for its success. If a person does not have the skills need then the company must be prepared to separate and h ire someone with the needed skills to meet company needs. (Harvard Business Review coerce (2002)) Ability to find talent How does a company find the talent it needs to ensure business success? There are a few locomote the hiring manager can do to ensure the correct person is found. Some steps include 1.Defining job requirements 2. Recruit for needs 3. Interview 4. Evaluate 5. Hire correct candidate When defining the job requirements the hiring manager needs to ensure the job responsibilities and requirements are outline so all potential applicants fully discover what the job entails. A hiring manager should only recruit for needs. If the applicant does not meet the companys needs then the applicant does not need to be hired regardless of talent aim on non-needed skills. The candidates must be interviewed and evaluated to ensure they have the skills and talents the company needs to live up to. Finally they need to hire the correct candidate.The candidate can be the best at bakin g but if the company sells finance the skills do not match a need. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002)) Most companies do not rely on recruiter and headhunters to meet its hiring needs. Companies have turned to non-traditional methods to attract potential hires. These include 1. Job Fairs 2. telephoner Websites 3. Internet job sites such as Monster. com, CareerSite. com or CareerBuilders. com Companies use these sources as a way to fill its business needs. People also post resumes on some of the job sites listing their skills and abilities with the hope of get a job or advancing their careers.Ability to attract talent Business managers know good hiring practices can be a strong foundation for any business. Bad hires can lead to business failure. The business has to be able to get the best talent to apply for its positions. There are several reasons wherefore people change jobs. They can include 1. Salary 2. Benefits 3. Location Company reputation and prestige is also another fa ctor that potential employees consider when looking at one company over another. A company with a successful business record is more likely to attract a more skilled workforce than a company that has a bad reputation. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002))Ability to retain talent Hiring decisions are among the most important decisions made by a manager but what can a company do to retain the talent once hired? According to Bradford Smiths survey job satisfaction and promotional opportunities are two reasons people leave their jobs. Communication with its employees is an often overlooked aspect within a companys structure. Employees can feel alienated by management when decisions are being made without employee impute. An easy way to eliminate this is to keep communications untied with all employees. Meetings and suggestion boxes are a great way to keep communication lines open.Open communication is a great way to find out if employees are finding the satisfaction they desire within the job they are working. Employees also want the opportunity for career advancement. Businesses that tend to bottle neck its management positions have no choice but to lose good employees as they look elsewhere for the chance to boost their careers. This can be frustrating to business and is very hard to prevent in todays job market. (Harvard Business Review Press (2002)) Ability to develop talent A company cannot endlessly hire for its needs. Sometimes employees have to be developed from within the company itself.Specialized training is one way a company develops its own talent. Once a Company figures out what it needs it can develop a training program to ensure it always has enough trained employees to ensure its long term success. This is especially true in manufacturing companies. A successful company will also include promotional opportunities in its development chain. As employees grow they will feel the need to promote. Promotion will help employees develop a sense of own ership and pride. A company that is able to develop its own workforce will be rewarded with a strong business. Cappelli (2009)) Conclusion Businesses acknowledge that finding, retaining, and developing talent is one its toughest business challenges. To help ease the challenges Companies have developed different approaches for success. They include identifying what makes sense for the business, what type of employees it needs to attract and retain and what the employees wants to stay and be productive. People may argue that the job market favors employers because of the unemployment rate but if a person has the talent they will always be attractive to a company. Cappelli (2009)) Reference Cappelli, P (2009) Talent on Demand Managing Talent in an Age of Uncertainty Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA Harvard Business Review Press (2002) Hiring and Keeping the Best People Harvard Business School publication Corporation Boston, MA McCool, J. (2008) The Worlds Most Influential Headh unters as reviewed on May 12, 2012 at http//www. businessweek. com/managing/content/jan2008/ca20080131_400734. htm? chan=careers_special+report++worlds+most+influential+headhunters_world%27s+most+influential+headhunters

Hank Kolb Case

HANK KOLB CASE ANALYSIS The following argon the problems that Kolbs employment line has to address 1. force out the operator of the choice equipment is non satisfactory for the job beca manipulation of lack of friendship and proper training 2. The filling equipment the appliance is not particularly figureed for filling the Greasex cans. It was originally made for other purpose. 3. Maintenance there is no definite schedule of preventive maintenance for the filling equipment. 4. Purchasing agents from purchasing have not yet finalized on a supplier that has non-defective nozzle to fit on the nozzle heads 5.Product design and packaging the contoured baffle of the can is perceived to be catchy by the designers because of its easier to be gripped feature. But Kolb sees the shape as problem for filling 6. The manufacturing manager despite the favorable production quota from Simmons, have some issues for constitute improvements and reduced delivery times that Kolb has to re -consider before filling in Simmons for promotion 7. The marketing the introduction of Greasex was rush to market even if the product is still a bit off-specSuggestions Using the Six-Sigma Analysis, Kolb should solve the major problems of his production line using the DMAIC as recommended below 1. Define (D) ?Identify guests and their priorities. ?Identify a project suitable for Six-Sigma efforts based on business objectives as well as node needs and feedback. ?Identify the CTQs (critical-to-quality characteristics) that the customer considers to have the most impact on quality. Kolb should have in mind already the safety of the products to customers, not that target unit sales.Being the new Director of Quality Assurance, he must reckon closely to the butt and implement improvement to which the steps are causing trouble or perchance eliminate or change what is causing the trouble. It is also important that he has an active list of customer feedbacks that he would refer to eve ry time he tries to improve his processes. 2. Measure (M) ? Determine the measure the process and how it is performing. ? Identify the find out internal process that influence the CTQs and measure the defects currently generated relative to those processes. Kolb can use the three tools i. . Run Charts, Pareto Charts and Checksheets to measure the process and defects that are found (usually in in type and moment of customer complaints). After seeing the influencing factors and types of defects, he will be able to decide whether replace or improve these influencing factors. 3. Analyze (A) ? Determine the most likely causes of defects. ? Understand why defects are generated by identifying the key variables that are not likely to create process variation. Kolb can make use of the Fishbone Chart to learn the causes of the problems in his line of work.The first cause of defect in his production line is the filling equipment because the machine is not originally designed for its current process. Kolb has to decide whether to continue using it or to replace it with equipment vary for a specific activity which is filling the bottles. The individualnel is also one reason for defects because of insufficient knowledge in his line of job. The purchasing department also caused defects because they acquired defective nozzles on a supplier just to keep up with the orders. 4. Improve (I) ? Identify means to remove the causes of defects. Confirm the key variables and quantify their defects on the CTQs. ? Identify the upper limit acceptance ranges of the key variables and a system for measuring deviations of the variables. The Opportunity Flow plot will be useful for Kolb in this step. To address his problem with the personnel, he can send the person for a formal training and testing. Or he can replace the personnel with a much qualified individual. He may also replace the filling equipment which is the main cause of the defect which exceeds the pressure sensation of th e cans.He also has a lot to discuss with the packaging, purchasing and marketing departments on many issues with the product. 5. simplicity (C) ? Determine how to maintain the improvements. ? Put tools in place to ensure that the key variables remain within the maximum acceptance ranges under the modified process. Kolb will have a difficult time to improve the processes in the production line but quality of the product should not be taken for granted. Once the improvements are implemented, he should still have a regular schedule of maintenance of at least formerly a month to ensure all equipments and processes are checked.

Jibal (WNW Iran, ENE Iraq) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Jibal (WNW Iran, east northeast Iraq) - Essay ExampleThe same teddy occurs in the context of Iran, a nation known to defy global policies guiding the manufacture of thermonuclear weapons It is a geographically blessed country with unique mountainous regions, cultural and social diversity as well as infrastructural development existing in its study cities.This discussion will focus on the geographical, cultural and infrastructural development as well as historical and archeological aspects of the ENE Iraq and the WNW Iran, basically pointing out what makes them unique as compared to other features existing within the country.Northern Iraq geographically extends from capital of Iraq and borders Turkey, Iran and Syria. The ENE Iraq region is composed of seven provinces, which are Ninawa, Dahuk, Kirkuk, Diyala, Salah ad-Din, Arbil as well as Sulaymaniyah. The major cities in the ENE Iraqi region are Dahuk, it is surrounded by mountains and is locate along the famous River Tigris Arb il, which is located approximately 88km on the eastern part of Mosul Kirkuk, located 236 km on the northern part of Baghdad Sulaymaniyah, which is on the Southern Part of Kurdistan region Baquba it is on the Northeast of Baghdad, Al Muqdadiya, which is located on the eastern border of Iraq and orders Iran Al Kazimiyah, a town located on the Northern part of Iraq, volt kilometers away from Baghdad as well as Baghdad, which is located along River Tigris. In relation to the major roads, there are various pathways, freeways as well as roads that have enhaced mobility not save in the northern region, but connecting the northern region with the east, the west as well as the Confederate part. Specifically, in the ENE Iraqi region, there are the The first highway connects Baghdad to Samarra, Mosul, Tirkit and Taji this highway in any case connects these cities into Syria.Additionally, there is the highway that connects Baghdad to Irbil, Baquba and leads to Iran. The other major highway in the ENE Iraq region, is the highway

Marketing strategy of Adidas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing strategy of Adidas - Essay ExampleThe firm that is analyzed in the paper is Adidas, the largest sport manufacturer in Europe and has Puma and Nike as its major competitors. They work split up their whole range of ingatherings into two segments Adidas Performance and Adidas Originals. Adidas performance aims to show the loyalty and devotion of the brand to athletes, time Adidas Originals are all about fashion and lifestyle. The definition stated by Philip Kotler is The science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering valuate to satisfy the ineluctably of a target commercialise at a profit. Marketing identifies unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines, measures and quantifies the size of the identified market and profit potential. It pinpoints which segments the accompany is capable of serving best and it designs and promotes the appropriate products and function. Adidas have been since its inception looking for opportunities in the market by constant market psychoanalysis. It has been seen that they have been the company of many firsts and therefore a company who has been creating a niche in many sectors. They introduced Adidas originals to target the market that did not wear the sportswear as they had no relation with sports but then Adidas cashed in on the opportunity by releasing a line of casual wears which would ultimately establish them in the non-sport sector as well. Main points from the definition science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit.... The only new thing it has ventured into is the fashion and style clothes industry as well. It has done the promotion of its products by hiring clubs and sportsmen from different sports and countries to be their ambassadors.. As for their casuals line they have even hired sportsmen in this arena but use them to portray the use of Adidas besides the sports they play, in their routine lives. Task Two SWOT Analysis is a st rategic planning method that is used by companies to identify their internal and external conditions in one go. Strength and weakness are utilize as internal analysis tools while the opportunity and threats are used for external analysis. The SWOT analysis for ADIDAS is as follows (Smit, 2000) Strength Adidas is a real established brand. It has been in the market since 1949 producing the sportswear for the world to wear. bringing of the promise. Adidas is a premium brand that promises to offer the best quality and delivers the same. Brand Ambassadors. Adidas has a very prospicient and powerful list of brand ambassadors that includes people from nearly all the sporting arenas. It has sponsorship for huge sporting events want NASCAR and the IPL recently held in India. It has also had major sponsorship for some of the famous Football events. Diversity in the product range. Excellent supplier relationships. They have never had any lawsuits in relation with child labor or poor workin g. Adidas has a very established network of distribution their goods are sold worldwide. Weaknesses They are very heavily reliant on the sports industry alone. This may prove to be a disadvantage at a point as they have to diversify into other sectors as well to increase their avouch portfolio and reduce risks. They are

Homeland Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Homeland Security - Research Paper ExampleThe author has rightly presented that in America, fatherland security has always been a matter of concern long before the September 11 attacks. When George crotch hair became the president of America in January 2001, terrorism was not a matter of priority in his administrative agenda. His giving medication was busy coping with many other problems like scarcity of staff in programs of contrary translation, poor and inefficient information systems and cultural differences between various agencies resulting in disruption of sharing of information. In 2011, the FBI requested the government to increase funding for counterterrorism programs in the coming Budget session. This proposal was rejected by the Attorney General just one day before the September 11 attack. The events of September 11 compelled the president to give more centering on terrorism with special priority to biological weapons of potty destruction. The bush administration went on to establish the department of homeland security within the sporting House Congress. The department of homeland security was created with many new authorities to prepare the bucolic against any future terrorist attacks. The focus was also on rapid response and recovery to terrorism. The Bush administration developed many new strategies and manuals on guidance for homeland security with extra focus on bioterrorism. The department of homeland security embodies multiple government departments and effectively manages its challenges. National Cybersecurity Initiative One of the to the highest degree important concerns for the Bush administration was the nationwide cyber security. Cyber networks became a primary area of attack for the terrorists which resulted in iniquitous access to the secret information and strategies of the Federal agencies. Electronic system of storing information had become the major abide for securing a wide variety of strategy information regarding secur ity and economy in both man and private sectors. Such systems were a primary target for terrorists and attacks on such system had become widespread. The Bush administration suspected that many such attackers were working in coordination with the hostile military organisations or the foreign intelligent services. Thus, among the many new enemies of America after the September 11 attack, the foreign intelligence bureaus contend the electronic system became new and dangerous kind of adversaries. Cyber security became a crucial matter for the department of homeland security. Bush administration established the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI) in January 2008 to strategically focus on protecting the country from all kinds of threats to the cyberworld. The main function of CNCI is to anticipate future technological threats on electronic systems. The CNCI then instructs the Federal government to integrate many of its technical and organisational capabilities to bet ter address in advance(p) threats and vulnerabilities