My Hobby- Kayaking Essay

Ladies and gentlemen, I have come here to talk to you about one of my hobbies, kayaking. A common misconception is that a kayak is the same as a canoe, but this is not the case. There are a number of differences between a kayak and a canoe, the main difference is that in a kayak, you are enclosed, unlike in a canoe, whose cockpit is much like a boat. Also, a kayak is normally for one person only and a canoe is for a number of people. Finally, in general, a canoe has only one paddle. While a kayak has two that are joined together with one shaft. The word kayak means â€Å"hunter’s boat†. The kayak was developed by cultures in the arctic of North America for hunting. To these people, the kayak meant survival. Without it they couldn’t get food. There wasn’t much time for recreation. To obtain food they used kayaks to hunt in extremely harsh conditions. Archaeologists have found evidence that indicates kayaks to be at least 4000 years old. Hunting in a kayak was very dangerous. Sometimes a wounded animal wound attack the kayak, and walrus and whales were especially dangerous when injured. Occasionally the harpoon line would tangle and damage the kayak. Because the escaping normally was so hazardous, these people became quite proficient in the â€Å"Eskimo Roll† (where if you get flipped upside down, this is called capsizing, you flip yourself up again instead of exiting the kayak). The reason for this is that in emergencies, exiting the kayak into the water was very perilous; the animal that they were trying to hunt could be even more dangerous if they were attacked while inside of the water. Rolls that are thought of as tricks now were based on actual survival techniques. The hunter may have been hurt by a wounded animal or have their hand tangled in the harpoon line, and therefore the Eskimo roll is essential to avoid drowning These paddlers used jackets made from waterproof skins and seal intestines. Today, these waterproofs are also used as well, they are called cagoules,  but they are fortunately made of fabric! I like kayaking because it gives you a sense of freedom. The fresh air and water can be very refreshing and relaxing. A great thing about kayaking is its great diversity. The number of things that you can do and the many ways that you can do it is overwhelming. You can go with as many or as little people as you want. You can go in almost any weather as long as you wrap up warm in colder circumstances. You can do tricks such as the Eskimo roll. You can race your friends and even play games such as bulldog. Finally you can go on long sightseeing tours. The scenery is frequently breathtaking, you can get close to wildlife such fish swimming and it is not uncommon to see the adorable sight of a duck and a line of chicks following its mother. There is a large sense of satisfaction when you get better or learn something new. Today, these hunters have replaced their kayaks with motorboats, but kayaking has become a very popular form of recreation in other parts of the world. Today’s kayaks are mainly made of plastic and wood. Their design runs from small white-water boats to 20 foot long touring kayaks that can carry several week’s provisions. The reasons we paddle may have changed, but the kayak remains a quiet, efficient and fun means of transportation whose design has stood the test of time. Thank you for listening

Though Melville’s Moby Dick

Though Melville’s â€Å"Moby Dick† has been amply explicated as an allegorical novel engaged in metaphysical and philosophical themes, the richness and density of Melville’s narrative scope in Moby Dick demands close scrutiny, not only for its forthright allegorical connotations, but also for its arcane and esoteric connotations, which provide a variety of meta-fictional comments and divulgences regarding the novel’s radically experimental narrative form.  Ã‚   â€Å"As almost anyone who has ever looked closely into Melville's novel knows, Moby-Dick is an incredibly rich and complex work with as intricate a set of symbols, image patterns, and motifs as is to be found in a work of literature anywhere in the world.† (Sten 5) Particularly peculiar to many readers of â€Å"Moby Dick† are the generous discourses on cetology and whaling included in the novel. â€Å"An abrupt change of direction in Moby-Dick takes place at the thirty-second chapter. From the sharp, swift description of New Bedford and Nantucket and from the narrative speed of the adventures of the seaport, we move suddenly into bibliographical considerations of a pseudo-scholarly nature.† (Vincent 121) Though the cetological references in â€Å"Moby Dick† may, at first appear to be naggingly incongruous with the hitherto established adventure-tragedy, as we will see in the following discussion, the narrative form and structure of â€Å"Moby Dick† is, in fact, can be shown to comprise a literary facsimile of the cetological science as Melville understood it in his time-period. While it would be misleadingly simple to describe the narrative form of â€Å"Moby Dick† as â€Å"a whale,† this description, with slight modification, can be justified by a close reading of the novel and by an inquiry into the compositional ideas and influences that inspired Melville during the novel’s composition.   The aforementioned modification is this: that the narrative form of â€Å"Moby Dick† is constructed to evoke the anatomical composition of cetaceans insofar as the Moby Dick â€Å"Great White Whale† comprises the central allegorical symbol in the novel, and, therefore, also symbolizes the creative urge of the artist from initial inspiration to final completion: â€Å"the extracts are the epic material–â€Å"fragmentary, scattered, loosely related, sometimes contradictory†Ã¢â‚¬â€œout of which Melville's epic poetry was made.   (Sten 4) It is essential that â€Å"Moby Dick† be regarded as possessing a solid, harmonious structure, despite the initial oddness and experimentalism of its surface level appearance. Nowhere is there â€Å"waste in Moby-Dick; every concrete detail serves a double and triple purpose[†¦] No detail is unleavened[†¦]   even such a chapter as â€Å"The Specksynder,† at first seemingly irrelevant, contributes to the designed effect of the whole novel. (Vincent 125) To understand the utter necessity of Melville’s inclusion of detailed cetological material in â€Å"Moby Dick† it is useful to appraise some of the immediate influences on his thought and artistic philosophy during the time of the novel’s initial composition and extensive revisions. As is well known, two of the most profound influences on Melville during the composition of â€Å"Moby Dick† were William Shakespeare and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite the gulf of centuries between these two writers, both were recent discoveries for Melville at the time of his writing â€Å"Moby Dick.† Foremost among Melville’s appreciations for each of these writers was his conviction that each of them had accomplished a confrontation with endemic evil in their works. â€Å"To understand the power of blackness at work in Melville's imagination, we need to note that even while he was composing Moby-Dick, this omnivorous reader, the novelist, was discovering the plays of Shakespeare, especially King Lear, {†¦} and the allegorical fiction of Nathaniel Hawthorne. (Tuttleton) Shakespeare’s influence on Melville exerts itself in the inclusion of actual playscript in the course of the novel, frequent asides and soliloquies, and most profoundly, on the tragic scope and figure of Captain Ahab. Hawthorne’s influence claims a much stronger relationship to the novel’s symbolic and allegorical structures. In fact, Hawthorne’s own pioneering allegorical techniques may have provided the single most influential power on Melville’s conception of â€Å"Moby Dick.† If Hawthorne had shown Melville that â€Å"one American was expressively aware of the evil at the core of life,: he had also provided a narrative strategy suitable for Melville’s own literary confrontation with evil, â€Å"a perception toward which Melville had been groping for seven years of authorship and of self-scrutiny, but which he had not completely realized nor dared to disclose.† (Vincent 37) This narrative strategy relied most heavily on Hawthorne’s allegorical techniques. By investing traditional elements of storytelling with deeper, more symbolically complex meanings, Hawthorne achieved an idiom which is both moralistic and confessional in nature. An example of Hawthorne’s allegorical technique is his novel â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† In this novel, a struggle between spiritual faith and evil temptation comprises a central theme.† This struggle is represented allegorically in the story by a careful employment of symbolism, character development, and plotting. Lacking an established literary idiom which was wide enough to directly confront the duality of his own ambiguous feelings toward Puritanism and human morality, Hawthorne developed an intricate set of symbols and allegorical references   simultaneously conceal and explicate the confessional elements of the story. Individual objects, characters, and elements of the story thus function in â€Å"dual† roles, providing, so to speak, overt and covert information. In constructing a self-sustaining iconography within the confines of a short story, Hawthorne was obliged to lean somewhat on the commonly accepted symbolism of certain objects, places, and characteristics. The allegorical method, by articulating thematic ideas which challenge â€Å"cut and dried† explanations of such profound realities as faith, morality, innocence, and the nature of good and evil, allowed Hawthorne to delve into issues of the utmost personal profundity, but to express them within a language and symbolic structure that anyone could understand. By reaching through his own personal doubt, guilt, and religious ambivalence to find expression for the irony and injustice of Puritanical dogma, Hawthorne was able to embrace ambiguity, rather than stolid religious fervor, as a moral and spiritual reality. By using the symbolic resonances of everyday objects, places, and people in his fiction, Hawthorne was able to show the duality – the good and evil – in a ll things, and in all people, thus reconciling the sheer division of good and evil as represented by the edicts of his (and America’s) Puritanical heritage. Melville’s admiration for Hawthorne’s successful development of a narrative form capable of expressing profound spiritual and philosophical themes of inspired him to elevate the first draft of his whaling adventure story, which hitherto had closely resembled his popular â€Å"travelogue† writings, such as â€Å"Typee.†Ã‚   Moby-Dick took six years to complete. â€Å" It was not until a signally successful reputation had been established that Melville was ready, as he put it, to â€Å"turn blubber into poetry.† (Vincent 15) What Melville intended was to craft his erstwhile adventure story, along with his comprehensive notes and observations and researches into cetology and whaling into an allegorical novel on par with what he esteemed Hawthorne to have done in his own novels and short stories. Upon completion of â€Å"Moby Dick† Melville made his artistic debt to Hawthorne quite clear. â€Å"The godfather of Moby-Dick was guaranteed additional fame when Melville gratefully dedicated his whaling epic to Hawthorne â€Å"In Token of my Admiration for his Genius.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Vincent 39) Melville’s most obvious gesture toward Hawthorne-inspired allegory is, of course, the development of Moby Dick himself: the whale as the pervading, all-important and central symbol of the novel. This central symbol connects deeply with the archetypal symbolism of the ocean, representing form emerging from watery chaos or the primeval unconscious: â€Å"In Moby-Dick this inner realm is of course represented by the sea, a universal image of the unconscious, where all the monsters and helping figures of childhood are to be found, along with the many talents and other powers that lie dormant within every adult. Chief among these, in Ishmael's case, is the complicated image of the Whale itself, which is all these things and more and also serves as the â€Å"herald† that calls him to his adventure. (Sten 7) Regarded in this light, the cetological details of â€Å"Moby Dick† acquire an additional power and connotative dimensions, as the initial â€Å"call to adventure† and the primary form which rises from the sea of the unconscious, the whale symbol stands not only for the complex physical universe (form) but also as the explicative symbol for the narrative construction of the novel itself. â€Å" The cetological center recognizes the truth of Thoreau's dictum: â€Å"we are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual instilling and drenching of the reality that surrounds us.† [†¦] The cetological center of Moby-Dick is the keel to Melville's  artistic craft.† (Vincent 122)  Ã‚   Even as technical descriptions of the whale’s anatomies are given in the novel, the non-scientific, anecdotal experiences of whales at sea as narrated by Ishmael, forward the marriage of whale-symbolism to the novel’s narrative form. Upon his discourse of the â€Å"spirit-spout,† Ishmael remarks: â€Å"advancing still further and further in our van, this solitary jet seemed forever alluring us on.† This relates to the lure of inspiration, of the need for self-expression, for the first intimations of the ensuing artistic expression. The signal-spout of inspiration leads the artist (writer) toward his form. But it is first, formless: simply a haze of imaginative impulse and intuition: a signal on the horizon.   Ishmael further notes that â€Å"that unnearable spout was cast by one self-same whale, and that whale, Moby Dick.† This latter connotation indicates that inspiration flows form the eventual harmonious conclusion; that is urge and objective are one, but that the objective form is also merged tightly with theme. As Ishmael gains a closer, more intimate apprehension of whales, the development of his character and spiritual insight are correspondingly elevated. The more detailed are the cetological experiences and catalogues, the more wholly expressive and self-possessed and sure becomes Ishmael. â€Å"Moby-Dick is, among other things, an encyclopedia of cetological lore having to do with every aspect of the whale–the scientific, zoological, oceanographic, mythic, and philological. And it recounts Ishmael's slow recovery from melancholia{†¦} These thematic elements are interspersed with chapters detailing Captain Ahab's pursuit of the white whale† (Tuttleton). Still deeper correspondences between the cetological material and Melville’s narrative form are established in Ishmael’s descriptions of the whales â€Å"blubber† and â€Å"skin† which he posits as being indistinguishable. This is reflected in the narrative structure of â€Å"Moby Dick† where it is equally as difficult to apprehend where the â€Å"skin† (overt theme and storyline) of the novel ends and the â€Å"blubber† (cetological and whaling discourses and catalogues) begin. Melville makes it perfectly clear that the â€Å"blubber† is an as indispensable part of his novel as it is for the whale’s body. â€Å"For the whale is indeed wrapt up in his blubber as in a real blanket or counterpane; or, still better, an Indian poncho slipt over his head;†therefore, too, is the expository material, the â€Å"blubber† of the novel wrapped around its central, allegorical aspects. The realism of the cetological details in â€Å"Moby Dick† is impressive. Many critics account it as a reliable source as any known from Melville’s time-period on cetology or whaling. This realism provides a concrete grounding for the novel’s adventure and theatrical demonstrations, as well as for the highly concentrated symbolism that forwards Melville’s powerful themes. Again, like a whale, Melville’s narrative form is massive and sprawling, but capable of dynamic flow and incredible speed. Seen in this regard, the cetological materials are not only deeply necessary to give the novel â€Å"ballast;† they also provide for its eventual â€Å"sounding† or ability to probe great depth of theme and profundity. The detailed cetological aspects of â€Å"Moby Dick† may, indeed, prevent the reader from an easy, and immediate grasp of the novel’s â€Å"meaning† or even its astounding climax. Just as the whale’s hump is believed by Ishmael to conceal the whale’s â€Å"true brain† while the more easily accessed â€Å"brain† know to whalers is merely a know of nerves, the secret â€Å"core† of â€Å"Moby Dick† can only be pursued with patience and close, deep â€Å"cutting†due to the organic and harmonious nature of its narrative form. By keeping in mind the previously discussed aspects of the relationship between â€Å"Moby Dick’s† comprehensive cetological materials and their symbolic relationship to the novel itself, its form and themes, Ishmael, while discoursing on the  desirability of whale meat as fit food for humans, offers an ironic gesture toward the novel’s probable audiences. â€Å"But what further depreciates the whale as a civilized dish, is his exceeding richness. He is the great prize ox of the sea, too fat to be delicately good.† The radically experimental form of â€Å"Moby Dick† is a successful form which owes a debt to its conception to the allegorical techniques of Nathaniel Hawthorne. By building on Hawthorne’s idiom, Melville achieved a rigorously complex, but exactly realized idiom, one which still challenges the sensibilities and sensitivities of readers and critics to this day. Works Cited Sten, Christopher. Sounding the Whale: Moby-Dick as Epic Novel. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996. Tuttleton, James W. â€Å"The Character of Captain Ahab in Melville's ‘Moby Dick.'.† World and I Feb. 1998: 290+. Vincent, Howard P. The Trying-Out of Moby-Dick. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1949.         

Select two of the movies that we have studied and compare and contrast Essay

Select two of the movies that we have studied and compare and contrast how they represent national identity and the national pas - Essay Example The success of the movies in bringing out matters of identity and national past are immense enough to be contrasted and compared in a meaningful and sustainable debate, as shall be seen forthwith. It is important to note that in Good Bye, Lenin! nationalism is still regarded as being propounded by the exploits of a state. This can be seen in the instance where Alex Kerner remembers as a child, how he as the first German and in the company of his compatriots, proudly entered space. The fact that this forms part of the movie’s prologue and is presented as a form of flashback, is significant. The significance of the scene is important since it portrays this national occasion as important to the state which is Germany. This caption seems to insinuate that national exploits make citizens more proud (of their country) and inspire the ‘we-feeling’ among citizens. The case immediately above converges ways with Bergman’s The Seventh Seal. This is because, the theme of loyalty to one’s state is extolled, though nationalism is not thoroughly mentioned in Bergman’s work. The extolling of nationalism in The Seventh Seal is seen in Knight Antonius Block obediently carry out the Crusades. The Crusades were sanctioned by the state under the tutelage of the monarch. Because of his loyalty to his state, Block engages in the Crusades, even if such engagements may portend risking life. The difference between the two movies is underpinned by the disparity of time in which they are set. While Good Bye, Lenin! has a setting that dates back to the Cold War (probably 1950s to 1990), The Seventh Seal has a setting that can date between 1095 and 1291 AD. In both cases, the concept of patriotism to one’s country was still regarded as paramount (Vermilye, 2006, 29). In the movie Good Bye, Lenin! the family is portrayed as having an immense influence on the personality and identity of an individual. For instance, after Alex’s father fle es to West Berlin, Alex has no recourse to living with his mother Christiane, his sister Ariane and Paula, Alex’s niece who is also Ariane’s daughter. In the absence of Alex’s father, his mother Christiane becomes an ardent follower of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and a radical idealist (Fisher and Prager, 2010, 17). It is most probable that the author of Good Bye, Lenin! writes the movie with a mind of conservative. This is seen in the manner in which he devotes his time to discuss the effect of national policies on the family. By highlighting the plight of Christiane, Alex and Ariane after the head of the family flees to West Berlin, the audience is made aware of the import of unfriendly policies and absentee fatherhood. It helps that the author uses Alex as a mouthpiece and the protagonist so that in him, the audience is made aware of the far reaching damages that accost an unstable family. Again, the author unites the family in the end, and thereby i mplying the triumph over the family, over state-sanctioned inhuman policies. It therefore suffices to say that the author tends towards familism rather than individualism, for he had the prerogatives to draw out a plotline that centres on an individual (in lieu of a family), yet he does not. It is also clear that in the period between 1945 (when Cold War started) and 1990 (when Cold War ended) had stronger family values, compared to the moment. Therefore, it is logical that Good Bye, Lenin! contains strong family values. As opposed to the case above where the author as an

The new Scottish Government will be good for Scottish business Essay

The new Scottish Government will be good for Scottish business. Discuss - Essay Example The first step is to form a Council of Economic Advisors. This council will help new-born businesses to find their niche in the market, and help them with tax payments, loans, grants and other financial schemes and delivery agencies initiated by the Government. These grants are focused on carrying out a research about new and lucrative products that could be developed so that new businesses do not find a marker block. Also, they are disbursed according to a regional strategy, in which sectors of the country are designated to these grant authorities who then work closely with the local enterprises and provide them with custom-designed support and solutions. Along with these grants, a programme, called the Scottish Executive Expertise, Knowledge and Innovation Transfer Programme (SEEKIT) provides financial support and grants for science based projects in the public sector, so that their can be a flow of information between that sector and the enterprises, which could then benefit from the knowledge and finance to increase productivity, economy and efficiency of their businesses. Likewise, small and medium sized businesses are encouraged so that more families can invest, and their has been a reduction in the tax payments by these businesses, the taxes being based not on the Council set taxes, but on the ability of the businesses to pay them. For the young people still undertaking their education, the Government has provided increased vocational opportunities so that along with their education, they can pursue employment services. As more people would start their own businesses, more employment opportunities would be created, and as more young citizens would start participating in the economic sector, the productivity rate of the country would boom immensely, leading to an sustained, long-term economic growth with easy and relaxed regulations for the efficient functioning of this sector. To organise their plans and to better formulate their strategies towards the business sector, an enterprise strategy was worked out, known as A Smart, Successful Scotland (SSS). It was refreshed (Jim Wallace 2004) in 2004, and addresses the current issues and schemes related to the enterprises, highlighting the areas that require special attention, both in Scottish Enterprise and Highlands and Islands Enterprise, for a long-term economic growth. The priorities addressed in the document can be summarised into three basic strategies: growing businesses, global connections, and skills and learning (Enterprise Strategy 2007). According to these set strategies, the enterprise networks have been re-structured and reformed, taking into account the localised challenges and

The Fall of the Berlin wall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Fall of the Berlin wall - Research Paper Example There had been various attempts to explore the historical incidents that showed the way to the creation and the fall of the wall. Economical and political factors have played decisive roles in the fall as well as the making of the wall. Patrik Major (2010 p.23) has investigated the historical events during the fall of the Berlin Wall and rightly puts it as, â€Å"Existing accounts of the second Berlin crisis—starting with Khrushchev’s 1958 ultimatum and ending with the building of the Wall in 1961—have treated it primarily as an episode in international relations, the classic superpower confrontation of the European Cold War.† Many have regarded the creation of the Berlin Wall as a historical event that brought out severe changes in the social life of many western countries. The aim of this paper is to describe the historical event and explore the historical as well as the contemporary causes of the event. Furthermore, the paper is analyzing the different historical interpretations of this event and evaluating its positive and negative outcomes. When one analyses the fall of the Berlin Wall, one should also be aware of the factors led to the creation of the Wall. The website entitled: Why the Berlin wall was built (2000) finds out two major reasons for the building of the Wall, namely, Economical and Political. The Economic reason was, â€Å"Too many well-educated people moved from East Germany, and some worked in West Berlin and lived in East Berlin†¦ so DDR lost money on this† The interference of the West Germany in the East side was the political reason for the building of the Wall (Why the Berlin wall was built 2000). The dominance of different countries in the different sectors of Berlin also has exerted decisive roles in the building of the Wall. But one of the prominent reasons for its building is the â€Å"brain drain† of the West Germany during the years 1954 -1960s. Historical records show

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Assignment Example Instead, they took the entire company into private and finally plunged in weighty debt it had taken on for the buyout. By 1988, Payless had become an attractive takeover target as every corner of the enterprise suffered extreme economic crisis. There was a considerable decline in its stock price, sales, and profit. In fact, the vulnerability has to be attributed to organizational mismanagement especially the leaseback arrangements, and inappropriate business expansion. As the Payless’ effort to expand its stores failed due to buyout debt, by 1993 the company went public again raising stock offering that could cut down the debt to a considerable range. However, it was of comparatively less hope for Payless had to undertake further challenges by promoting new marketing strategies. The ‘dual path strategy’ it initiated intended a shift in customer focus from the conventional style of single type customer to ‘do-it-yourself markets’. However, the effort did not attain goal as it raised negative response from both industry observers and fund providers. For instance, when it approached banks for negotiation of debts, they suggested that company must file Chapter 11 bankruptcy for renegotiation. Although Sutherland wanted to takeover at least some parts of the Payless, the management did not favor the Sutherland bid. Stanley and his group did not want to reveal the actual condition of the company; and moreover, they thought of taking the entire part of the firm into private somehow by planning leveraged buyout. In addition, Sutherland was the notable long term competitor of Payless. Management led takeover was also destined to fail as it had surpassed the possible range of an economic recovery that an organization itself can ever attain. Although several attempts had been made by Barron and his crew to renovate the firm by raising fund from

Comparitive Studies of Enviormental Policies in China & USA Essay

Comparitive Studies of Enviormental Policies in China & USA - Essay Example These policies have become necessary because of increasing population growth rates in both countries. Presently, the population of the United States is estimated as 311, 591, 917 people whiles that of China is given as 1,344,130,000; the highest in the world (FAO, 1986). Looking at the difference, there is every justification in the fact that China would have a stricter population control policy and that is exactly what the case is. Presently, there are policies such as one-child policy, which has an aim of providing better health care to mothers and the general population by reducing the number of children each woman bears to one. There have also been birth control policies in China. In the United States however, birth control campaigns have been the major policies whiles excluding a restrictive policy like one-child per family. Consequently, China has a firmer population control policy than the United States and the understanding is in the difference in population between the two c ountries. On pollution control, analysts argue that the United States is far advanced and ahead than China. What has perhaps created the difference in significance towards the policy approaches has to do with the ideologies that both countries have in terms of modern development (Asian Development Bank, 2002). it would be observed perhaps that whereas the United States sees herself as a nation who has achieved so much in terms of development and does not have to be very pragmatic towards national development to the detriment of the environment, China sees herself as a new global perspective for development, who must take advantage of all forms of industrialization to complete her development dreams. For this reason, there are more freedoms on the use of pollutants that may eventually result in pollution in China in the name of industrialization than there is in the United States. There could therefore be very tangible policies such as air pollution regulations, US pollution control laws and regulation, and nonpoint source water pollution regulation all in the United States. Just as with pollution, the United States presents its industries and the general public with stricter policies that guide against global warming. It would be noted that some key components of pollution such as air pollution that is related to the emission of harmful carbon chemicals is directly related to global warming (Bockstael et al, 2000). This means that policies in both countries that are used to cater for air pollution could directly be related and liked to the control of global warming (Dyson, Bergkamp and Scanlon, 2004). From this direction, it could clearly be said that the United States with the Environmental Protection Agency fully in force to clamp down on all forms of air pollution and carbon emission also caters for global warming in a much vehement way than it is done in China. A clear justification of this could be seen with the liberty given to Chinese industries to buil d chimneys as precautious measures whereas in the United States it is an enforcement to do so. Both the United States and China are fast growing on the need to preserve the environment through the promotion of the use environmentally friendly energy supply. It would be seen for instance that in the United States, there is presently a policy that is fading the era of use of non-renewable energy such as gas. The use of hydropower is also being minimized as the

Managing services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing services - Essay Example The researcher then targeted UK websites in which people complained about food. These were ideal for the investigation because such parties are already quite willing to seek remedies for their problems. They were requested to take part in the survey and asked to click on a link which would provide them with access to the forms. After completion, volunteers were supposed to click on another link which would allow them to submit their responses to the researcher. The link was centrally placed in the form. Evans and Mathur (2005) notes that one of the advantages of online surveys is the ease with which one can access a large sample space. It is easy to obtain contacts if one already has a target audience. In this research, persons who complain about food services are already tried and tested clients of the service industry under analysis. Therefore, they are ideal for this food service investigation. The study involved an analysis of the responses obtained through mathematical methods. Currently, some elements of analysis are not complete but will be completed in the coming weeks. Respondents were to select specific answers from a set of four possible choices. It was relatively easy to analyse these outcomes. Duffy, et al. (2005) explains that one of the reasons why researchers are attracted to this method of market research is its speedy and relatively unproblematic response times. The research demonstrated that several customers paid attention to the degree of cleanliness in fast food restaurants. Simple things like whether a waiter dipped their fingers in the salad or used different tongs for different food items affected customer perceptions of the quality. Barber and Scarcelli (2010) echo these sentiments in their US survey which found that cleanliness was of primary significance to clients. A number of respondents also cited their interactions with service providers as a key indication of value. Some believed that fast franchises are too keen on

Volvo Car Coporation Essay Example for Free

Volvo Car Coporation Essay Volvo Car Corporation is rewriting the rulebook on how the cars in the future will look with the 3CC prototype being unveiled to the public for the first time at the Michelin Challenge Bibendum in Shanghai, October 12-14, 2004. From the outside, the Volvo 3CC has an iconic funky-cool tapered shape designed to make a dynamic statement that nonetheless is unmistakably Volvo. Under the hood is an electric powertrain that quietly propels the Volvo 3CC to a governed top speed of over 135 km/h (85 mph) and delivers zero to 100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration in approximately ten seconds – with zero emissions! Just 3899 mm (153. 5 in. ) long, 1624 mm (64 in. ) wide and 1321 mm (52 in. ) high, the Volvo 3CC has dimensions similar to a classic 2-seater sports car – but that is where similarities end. For the sporty vehicle packs a surprise: a unique two-plus-one configuration, providing seating for two adults in the front and a unique rear seat solution for an additional adult or two children. This 3-seat configuration provides a unique experience with regards to the occupants communication, unprecedented rear occupants comfort and all-around visibility for all passengers. With the Volvo 3CC, Volvo Cars is pioneering a new way of looking at mobility so future generations can enjoy the same freedoms the car has given my generation. We believe it is necessary to show new ways to reduce pollution and congestion,† says Lars Erik Lundin, Vice President General Manager of the Volvo Monitoring and Concept Center VMCC. The Volvo 3CC is the brainchild of the designers, engineers and business people at the Volvo Monitoring and Concept Center think-tank in California. Their task was to create a `future-proof concept? that would enhance sustainable mobility. A car not only fuel-efficient, versatile, comfortable, and safe, but also exciting to drive and look at. â€Å"We want to connect in a positive way with consumers so that they say ‘I want to be seen in this car’,† Lars Erik Lundin explains. â€Å"We want to add emotional value to people’s lives by offering an environmentally compatible car that appeals to all the senses, and which people want to drive. † Despite its compactness, the Volvo 3CC has been designed to feel spacious through organic lines, and light colors. Inside, the fixed eye plane ergonomics and low profile A-pillar create a sense of openness aided by three transparent panels in the roof. As the doors open by swinging upwards, a floating dash panel slides forward to ease ingress and egress. A unique sliding seat system also assists ingress and egress to the rear seat. The pedals also adjust for individual requirements. But Volvo Car Corporations aim was not just to make the 3CC look good – they also wanted to deliver on overall sustainable mobility goals by providing excellent efficiency. Volvo has achieved this objective through good aerodynamics on a compact footprint, lightweight body materials, and an electric powertrain.

Saint-Saëns Essay Example for Free

Saint-Saà «ns Essay Saint-Saens’ third violin concerto is Romantic in style. The melodic line rapidly rises and falls, and rhythmic values are varied from fast, running notes to longer more lyrical lines. At times (such as the beginning of the second movement), the melodic line is fluid and elegant. This trait is typical of the composer and of French music in general during the late nineteenth century. In fact, the author of the textbook remarks that Saint-Saens displays â€Å"an elegance of melodic line in [his] music, which is not unlike the fluidity of the French language. † This characteristic can be attributed to the composer’s nationalism. The accompanying orchestra is rather large (though not as large as those employed by Bruckner or Strauss), another sign of the composer’s Romantic and anti-German tendencies. The music is tonal, with cadences articulating the ends of musical sections. Form Though, as the author of the textbook remarks, â€Å"French composers were also trying to create new forms of music whenever possible,† Saint-Saens’ concerto is in the traditional three movement format. The three movements – allegro non troppo, andantino quasi allegretto, and molto moderato e maestoso – follow the traditional fast-slow-fast pattern established with the Viennese composers Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven. Saint-Saens does, however, depart from the traditional double exposition sonata form employed by such composers in first movements. Saint-Saens’ concerto opens directly with the violin playing the main theme, accompanied by the orchestra. Subject Matter In terms of subject matter, this concerto is an example of absolute music: there is no accompanying narrative.

Impact of the Dollar Currency Base Metal on India

Impact of the Dollar Currency Base Metal on India Abstract: Currency Future is a future contract in which specified currency can be bought or sell at pre determined price and date. In developed nations like US and UK the currency price increment impact on physical trading volume, it decrease it on currency price increment and increase it on currency price decrement. Like this, same thing happened in developing nations. In India the base metals prices so much impacted due to currency future price volatility. In India, the currency future trading was started on 29th Aug. 2008 in National Stock Exchange (NSE), in Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) on 7th Oct. 2008 and in Bombay Stock Exchange on 1st Oct. 2008. The objective of this paper is to measure the correlation of base metals with currency future trading i.e. US $. This research paper is an attempt to consider the investor behaviour regarding currency future trading in India. Some factors which have been considered for research are currency future, base metals and price movement in upward or i n downward side. The results are analyzed with the help of statistical tools and techniques. Introduction Currency Futures means a standardised foreign exchange derivatives contract traded on a recognised stock exchange to buy or sell one currency against another on a specified future date, at a price specified on the date of contract, but does not include a forward contract. Currency derivatives can be described as contracts between sellers and buyers whose values are derived from the underlying which in this case is the exchange rate. Currency Derivatives are mostly designed for hedging purposes, although they are also used as instruments for speculation. Currency Derivatives i.e. Currency Future are standardised in terms of contract sizes, trading parameters settlement procedures and traded on regulated exchange. The contract size is fixed and is referred to as lot size. Future contract are traded through exchanges, the settlement of the contract is guaranteed by the exchange or clearing corporation and hence there is no counter party risk. In INDIA the currency future trading was started on 29th Aug. 2008 in National Stock Exchange (NSE), in Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) on 7th Oct. 2008 and in Bombay Stock Exchange on 1st Oct. 2008. Currency Future trading play a vital role in developed nations and developing nations. It makes the so much volatility in metal prices in terms of online trading as well as in physical trading. After the starting of currency future trading in India the volatility increase in the MCX non precious metal. The total number of contract traded before starting of currency future trading in non precious metal are 84186 (lots) and after the starting of currency future trading 69358 (lots). It shows that there is lot of volatility in the metal market sometime it increases the volume or sometime it decrease the volume. Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) is a state of the art electronic commodity future exchange. The head quartered of MCX in Mumbai. The demutualised exchange set up by Financial Technologies (India) Ltd (FTIL) has permanent recognition from the Government of India to facilitate online trading and clearing and settlement operations for commodity futures across the country. The operations started in Nov 2003. MCX offers more than 40 commodities across various segments such as bullion, ferrous and non ferrous metals and a number of agro-commodities on its platform. The exchange is the worlds largest exchange in Silver, the second largest in Gold and Copper. MCX has been certified to three ISO standards including ISO 9001- 2000 Quality Management System standard, ISO 14001: 2004 Environmental Management System standard and ISO 27001:2005 Information Security Management System standard. Literature Review Since the beginning of trading in financial futures and options in the 1970s, the effect of financial derivatives trading on the underlying spot markets has been of great interest to both academics and practitioners. One of the issues commonly investigated by finance researchers is whether futures trading increases the price volatility of underlying markets and thus leads to destabilisation of these markets. Previous studies provide mixed evidence on this issue. To investigating the market behaviours (such as currency price volatility, metal market depth and trading volume) is an important aspect of research on the market microstructure literature. Tauchen and Pitts (1983)1 argue that these three variables are closely related. However, most studies deal with mutual contemporaneous relationship between two of those three dimensions and reach no consistent results. Very few empirical papers investigate the dynamic nature of the interactions, such as the feedback effects between those three variables. The relationship between currency future and trading volume has been examined frequently and usually is in a positive correlation between volatility and trading volume. Copeland (1976)2, develop sequential arrival of information models where new information flows into market to generate both trading volume and price movement. Karpoff (1987)3, reviews empirical and theoretical research on the relation between price changes and trading volume in financial markets. Eighteen of nineteen empirical papers support the positive correlation between volatility and trading volume. Bessembinder and Segun (1993)4 accommodate persistence in the positive relationship on eight futures market by ARCH-GARCH empirical method. In those studies above, it is consistently positive contemporaneous relation between return volatility and trading volume but lacks consistent in the relation between return volatility and market depth or between market depth and trading volume. Furthermore, there are few studies for the analysis of return volatility and trading volume incorporating with the market depth, which is proven to be fundamentally related to trading activity and market behaviour of return volatility (Bessembinder and Seguin, 1992)5. As suggested by Malliaris (1997)6, the origin of futures markets is related to the necessity to manage the risk associated with volatile spot price changes of certain assets. It can also be claimed that futures contracts became more popular since the economic deregulation in 1970s, which resulted in increased volatility in foreign currencies, debt instruments and stock indexes. Market observers and regulators have generally acknowledged the crucial role that futures markets have in risk transfer and price discovery, but they have often expressed concern over the potential role that futures activity may have in destabilizing the markets. Antoniou and Holmes (1995)7 examined the impact of trading in the FTSE-100 index futures on the spot price volatility and concluded that futures trading improves the quality and speed of information flowing to spot markets. Their evidence suggests that there has been an increase in spot price daily volatility, but that this due to increased information in the market and not to speculators having adverse destabilizing effect. Some studies provide empirical results that support the opinion that trading in futures can destabilize the spot market. For example, Figlewiski (1980)8 investigates the futures contracts for Treasury Bills (GNMA pass through certificates) and provides evidence that futures market activity increases the volatility of cash prices. More recent study by Bae, Kwon and Park (2004)9 focuses on the effect of the introduction of index futures trading in the Korean markets on spot price volatility. The authors concluded that introducing the futures and options trading on the Korean stock exchange resulted in both larger spot price volatility and greater market efficiency (allowing for quicker adjustment of market prices to information). The combined average daily turnover of the currency futures contracts in all the three exchanges (NSE, BSE, MCX) increased from USD 1.1 billion in March 2009 to 2.5 billion in September 2009 – which means a growth of more than 125% in just six months period. Objectives of Research Paper To know the impact of Currency Future US$ on base metal with reference to India. Hypothesis of Research Paper Null Hypothesis: There is positive impact of currency future US$ on base metals, if US$ increases than the price of base metals increases and vice versa. Data Analysis The impact of currency future i.e. US$ on base metals is totally depend on the day to day trading prices of currency as well as metals. To find out the impact of currency on base metals we need the daily transaction prices, for this we collect it from secondary resources. To find out the correlation of currency future and base metals I summarise the data in average form. I collected per day USD INR pricing data for twenty seven months and calculated its average per month. For the base metals, I selected five metals (viz. Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc) collected their pricing data for each day for twenty seven months and calculated its average per month. Here we can see in the table no. 2 there is correlation coefficient between currency future and base metals. Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc are inversely correlated to currency future. There is impact on the Aluminium -0.787, the copper -0.267, lead -0.770, nickel -0.897 and zinc -0.850. When the currency future prices raise the base metals prices decrease and sometimes the base metals prices increase. It shows that the currency future and base metals are inversely correlated. Conclusion The data analysis of the currency future and the base metals shows that there is a correlation between them. When there is volatility in the currency future and base metals it impacts the relation between them. Sometimes it makes the positive relation between currency future and base metals and sometimes it makes the negative relation between them. Due to this the economic condition of India is so much impacted. When the prices volatility increases in base metals it creates the problem in physical metals trading that impact directly or indirectly to the economic condition of our nation. The data analysis represents the inverse linear relationship between currency future and base metals. Scope of research There is so much scope of this research because it is a new concept in India. Before two years ago the currency future trading was started in India. The currency future trading is a concept which is not very common. People are not so much aware about it. This paper is related with base metals only but further the whole metal market is influenced by it.

Essay --

Title: Effectiveness of analgesia for pain management in patients with Sickle Cell Disease Introduction: Patient X was a 29-year-old male patient with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Aside from the complications associated with SCD such as opportunistic infections and vaso-occulsive episodes, which led to intense episodes of pain, he had no other co-morbidities. Patient X ran a family import business, which required frequent local and overseas travel. During the interview, Patient X repeatedly vocalized that the unpredictable onset and the manifestations of its symptoms was interfering with his quality of life in terms of economic cost (loss of business opportunities) and sleep. During acute episodes of pain, depending on its severity, Patient X would either contact his local GP for a prescription of painkillers or present himself at the Emergency Department (ED) to seek relief from his pain. SCD affects individuals with sub-Saharan African, Caribbean and Mediterranean ancestry. With a prevalence rate of more than 100,000 people in the United States alone and an incidence rate of 1 in 500 births among African-Americans, SCD is a major public health concern. (Givens et al. 2007, p. 239) Sickle Cell Pain (SCP) is a common feature in patients with SCD. It is characterised by episodes of severe pain. As pain management is primarily pharmaceutical in nature, the use of analgesia is of crucial importance in maintaining a patient’s quality of life. In SCP, the two major classes of analgesia used are non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) and opioids. (See Table 1) First hand accounts from Patient X during interview in addition to a literature review which will be discussed later in this article highlights major psychosocial and medi... ... ED clinician attitudes, practice patterns as well as low addiction rates in this population should be highlighted to allow intervention. Following this, initiatives to improve ED management of acute sickle cell disease pain could promote more efficient ways to manage SCD pain, better dissemination of national guidelines, and efforts to improve negative physician attitudes toward SCD patients. Because of the complex nature of SCP, ideally there should be increased collaboration between front-line physicians such as the General practitioner and the Emergency Physician with subject matter specialists such as an Anaesthetist (to address acute and chronic pain management issues) and Haematologist (to treat the underlying pathophysiology of SCD). This multidisciplinary approach will not only to decrease adverse outcomes, but also increase the patient’s quality of life.

“Hooray for the Underdog!” Essay -- Social Issues, Bullying

No one wants to be called an underdog. The emotional and feelings that comes when you keeo on trying. Being challenged as an underdog amongst peers, family members, even strangers, can have a long lasting effect for someone social being. Being casted as someone who can not measure up to any particular goal or ambitions, usually that person enters a stage of melancholy and loneliness. SHORTEN IT!!! Ever been dubbed the underdog? A society of called the United States of America was claimed to be the underdog from the old world However what happens if the station change and it was not an individual situation, but it’s was predicated on an entire nation? Usually underdogs never have the support to help their ideas and view to be noticed. One author took one this a underdog, America and showed how democracy in a new world can change society into a radical society of equality. When we are being bullied, it’s always nice to have someone to stick up for us during our time of need. Usually we do have someone who cares enough to stand up for us, but Sometimes that doesn’t not happen and we’re left alone to defend for ourselves. And we look to our own inner strength to build up our crushes ego. But, imagine, that the bullying was presented in a larger scale? Imagine the victim was a state, how would reactions play out? In Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, that sort of bullying was taking place. But as individuals would inattentively hurt one another, no, this is was a attack on a America and its citizens, such as the Puritans and the liberal democracy of the America. Tocqueville was sent to view the supposed faulty political system of America, but One that was looked upon hastily was the American Puritans ( add more) ... ...uotes) In the long run, this political behaviour (if not changed) can lead up to many problems in regards to building state to state relationships in the future. when trying to build relationship in between, and using prejudices to segregate as a way to keep only harm alliances. A democratic political system can look scary on the outside, but in the long run the system can improve, but only as its followers want to make their system into a better place. Tocqueville was right in standing up for America because he had the experience and the knowledge that citizens from the mother land did not. In truth, his main focus in the end was to show that America was more happier, peaceful, and hold teh keys to allow democradcy to build and expand to freedom for all.

Mobile Phone Addiction

Those who remain fear the loss of mobile phones, or the presence of outside the coverage of the network, and thus the inability to communicate or receive communications .. It is a concern to hit the world and destroyed the ability of people to develop solutions to what the phone is forced suffering .. ..With a little thought, there are people who feel and enjoy the latest devices and smart phones .. To enjoy the modern programs in addition to the many features provided by these devices .. It is normal when a person uses his mobile phone to make calls or talk to friends and relatives from time to time .. Or Download game compete with friends .. But what if the transformation of the use of smart phone to addiction? .. See what the problems that can be caused by this addiction to the owner? .. So warned surveys and studies on the smartphone from the increasing signs of addiction, and concluded studies to That people stare at the phones screens For approximately 3 hours a day or more, in addition to the time spent in making calls. .. It was noted that psychiatrists, are those who initiated to consider the fight against the problem – phenomenon, in order to recognize that addiction to smart phones, psychological disorder. Experts warn that the use of new technologies at an early age may compound the risk of addiction, isolation and school failure. Where the smartphone is no longer a means to communicate with others only, but the smartphone is used to finish and follow the work of private and is used in the study and entertainment of the self through the games or watching movies and hear songs and networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and other programs, â€Å"People are checking their mobile phones at 34 times a day, and there are five, 81 and eighty-one percent of people who keep their phones near them, and 63 percent are checking their phones even while they sleep. People who are afraid of losing a mobile phone or being out of network coverage and therefore unable to communicate or receive communication suffer from the disease of sleepophobia. Monophobia can be monitored through a range of behaviors, for example, that a person checks his or her mobile phone more than 30 times a day , Or simply feel that it is impossible for him to give up his phone and live without him. Experts have found that smart phone addicts have become so many around the world that if they are removed from their phones they feel nervous and angry and can do things beyond their control. The use of the smartphone also leads to poor cognitive skills, especially among students. Surveys showed that the degree of addiction to the smartphone is increasing among young people, where one in every five young people check his phone once every few minutes, and drew attention to all this. For phones comes at the expense of neglecting the world around us, causing increased anxiety, tension and distraction. Stressing that each user to evaluate the fact that attached to his smartphone, and begin to get rid of this attachment step by step. Radio France International highlighted in a report published on its website the phenomenon of â€Å"addiction† of the inhabitants of the earth to the use of mobile phone. A study by the High Tech Web site showed that around 1.5 billion people around the world have mobile phones, while the study revealed that if this upward development revolutionized communications worldwide, it certainly had a significant impact on behaviors Individuals in the community. The study found that the use of intelligent mobile phones with the Internet causes â€Å"addiction† to this technology, and this situation is widespread and widely, among the 8.6 billion people of the earth, 1.5 billion people have mobile phones. But far from the figures and comparisons, the widespread use of mobile phones, especially smart phones, has led to a radical change in societal behavior. According to the study, 60% of mobile phone users sleep with their hands in their hands, and 15% of them may stop their entertainment and chat conversations just to answer the mobile phone. Many researchers have pointed out that there is a threat to the Earth's population from these mobile phones, that is, the addiction to this technology is already the same as when playing a game of video games continuously can be considered a form of addiction. Is addiction to smart phones a disease In Singapore, as in many other countries, doctors are struggling to recognize smart phone addiction as a form of psychological disorder. If you are difficult to break away from your smartphone or from people who seek it for no particular reason, you may be threatened with an addiction that may require the help of a psychiatrist. Singapore and Hong Kong broke regional records on the number of smart phone users, according to the latest report by the Nelson Office of Studies. According to Experience, 87 percent of Singapore's 5.4 million people have multi-function phones, compared to 65 percent in the United States.

Compare the differences between a Sole Trader, a Partnership and a Limited Company Essay

Introduction In the following essay, I will compare the differences between a Sole Trader, a Partnership and a Limited Company when preparing final accounts also included in the essay will be the concepts and conventions used when preparing final accounts. I shall also outline the regulatory standards within the Accounting Profession. I shall start by giving an explanation of how the accounting system functions. How does the accounting system work? Business keep financial records for a number of practical reasons, which are: > To quantify such items as sales, expenses and profits > To present these figures in a meaningful way so the business can judge its success over the past year Below is a diagram of the Accounting System: (all things below will be explained later in the assignment) Diagram taken from Business Accounting Second Edition by David Cox. Prime Documents Business transactions generate documents, these documents go into the primary accounting records and from these records are placed throughout the accounting system. The following are prime documents: > Invoice – when a business purchases goods the company or individual the goods where purchased from sends the business an invoice which outlines the amount that is owing, when this amount is to be paid by and details of the goods or services that have been provided. This is also the same case when the business receives an order for a good or service. > Credit Note – if a buyer returns a good that has been bought on credit, a credit note will be generated and sent to the buyer, the value of the credit not will be deducted from the buyers amount owing. On the credit note it outlines the money amount and the goods or services that have been given. > Banking Transactions – businesses use their bank accounts to pay in and withdraw money at regular intervals, from these bank transactions paying-in slips, cheques and BACS are frequently used. These are then entered into the primary accounting records. Primary Accounting Records The primary accounting records are used to log the prime documents from day to day. The following are primary accounting records: > Sales day book – this is a list of sales made and is recorded from the invoices issued > Purchases day book – this is a list of purchases made and is recorded from the invoices that have been received > Sales returns day book – this is a list of the goods that have be returned and is recorded from the credit notes that have been issued > Purchases returns day book – this is a list of the goods that have been returned and is recorded from the credit notes that have been received > Cash book – this is a record of the business bank account and the amount of cash that is held, this is recorded from receipts, paying-in slips, cheques and BACS documents > Petty cash book – this is a record of the small cash purchases that have been made by the business and is completed from the petty cash voucher. Small cash purchases being ones that are made with motes and coins > Journal – this is a record of non-regular transactions, which are not recorded in any other primary accounting record Double-Entry Accounts: The Ledger The foundation of the double-entry book-keeping system is the recording of the ledgers which are broken down into separate accounts. Double-entry book-keeping The double-entry book-keeping system involves the entry of a transaction twice. If operating a manual accounting system the book-keeper will be required to input the transaction twice whereas if the book-keeper is using a computer software package the package will automatically enter the transaction twice. Accounts The sources that are entered into the ledgers are taken from the primary accounting records. Each primary accounting record will be entered into its corresponding ledger. Division of the ledger The following list shows the different types of ledgers: > Sales ledger – this is where the personal accounts of the debtors are placed > Purchases ledger – this is where the personal accounts of the creditors are placed > Cash books – the cash book is the record of the bank account and the cash account, the petty cash book is for small cash purchases. Both these books are primary accounting records. > General (nominal) ledger – this is a record of all transactions and completes the double-entry system Trial Balance The trial balance is a method used within the Double-Entry book-keeping system to check for any error that may have occurred. The trial balance takes all the final balances from the ledgers and lists them down. If the credit and debt sides don’t match at the end, there has been an error within the entering of the transactions. The trial balance is also used as a source of information when the final accounts are being prepared. Final Accounts The final accounts of a business are made up of the profit statement and the balance sheet. Profit Statement The profit statement includes the trading and profit and loss account, if the business manufacturers goods it too will be included. What this statement does is calculates the profit that was made and is now due to the owners of the business after certain deductions have been made from the income: > The manufacturing account which shows the cost of producing a quantity of a finished good > The trading and profit and loss account which shows the profit/loss after the deduction of the cost of goods this gives you the gross profit then the expenses are deducted which gives the net profit The figures that are used for these calculations are taken form the double-entry system. Balance Sheet The double-entry system also contains the figures for the following: > Assets – these are items that the business owns, they fall into two categories Fixed assets – these are items that were bought for the business use such as buildings, vehicles etc Current assets – these are items used in the everyday running of the business such as stock, debtors etc > Liabilities – these are things that the business owes and there are two types of liabilities Current liabilities – things like creditors etc Long-term liabilities – things like long-term loans > Capital – this is money or assets that have been introduced by the owner(s) of the business and is a liability to the business because it owes it to the owner Note: all examples of final accounts for each type of business are shown at the end of the essay also shown is a trial balance The Final Accounts for a Sole Trader The sole trader accounts are the basis of all accounts Legal requirements of a Sole Trader By law a sole trader is not required to keep accounts and thus is not legally required to publish their accounts for viewing by the General Public, however they must keep all VAT receipts so that the Inland Revenue can take their tax from the business and the situation regarding VAT can be sorted. Final Accounts and the Trial Balance The final accounts of a company are produced annually, but can also be produced at anytime in order to inform shareholders and stakeholders of how the business is performing. When starting to prepare any final accounts the trial balance must be prepared by the book-keeper. All the figures that have been entered onto the trial balance will be used in the final accounts. The trading, profit and loss accounts are a part of the double-entry system, meaning that the records that are within these accounts have to be recorded somewhere else for the double-entry system to work. However the balance sheet is not an account it is simply a statement, which outlines the account balances reaming after the trading, profit and loss accounts have been completed. Trading Account The purpose of a trading business is to by a good at one price and sell it on for a profit. The profit that is gained is known as the gross profit. Instead of the gross profit being calculated on each item, the sales and purchases that have been recorded in the primary accounting records will be calculated together. This also includes things like purchase returns and sales returns. When the end of the financial year comes around, the trading account is drawn up this includes: > The total sales > Minus purchases > Plus purchase returns > Minus sales returns > Also included is the opening stock and the closing stock Notes on trading account > Sales and purchases – these are only the items that the business trades > Adjustments – these are the adjustments that have happened in relation to the stock, the opening stock, which is calculated at the start of the year, this is added to the purchases because it has been sold during the year. The closing stock on the other hand will be deducted form the purchases because it has still yet to be sold. The closing stock will then become the opening stock for the next financial year > Cost of sales – this is the cost to the business of the goods that have been sold. To calculate the cost of sales you do the following: * Opening stock * + Purchases * + Carriage in * – Purchases returns * – Closing stock * = Cost of sales > Gross profit – to calculate gross profit you do as follows: * Sales * – Sales returns * = Net sales * – Cost of goods sold * = Gross profit If the cost of sales is more than the net sales then the business has made a Gross Loss > Carriage in – is the expense that the business incurs due to having the purchases delivered. The carriage in is added to the purchases > Net sales – the net sales is the turnover and is calculated by doing the following: * Sales * – Sales returns * = Net sales > Net purchases – to calculate the net purchases you do the following: * Purchases * + Carriage in * – Purchases returns * = Net purchases Profit and Loss Account In the profit and loss account the running expenses of the company are listed these are then taken away from the gross profit to give the net profit. The net profit then shows how profitable the business has been that particular year. Balance Sheet A balance sheet is used to show the financial state of the business at any one time. It lists the assets and liabilities of the business at a particular time. The balance sheet however is not a part of the double-entry system. Notes on balance sheet > Assets – an asset is an item or an amount that is owned by the business. There two types of assets fixed and current. Fixed assets are material assets such as premises or vehicles. Current assets are short-term assets, which change in value every day. > Liabilities – a liability is an item or amount owned by the business. There are tow types of liabilities current and long-term. Current liabilities are ones that are due to be repaid within 12 months or less. A long-term liability is a something like a loan that can be paid later than 12 months. > Capital and working capital – capital is money that is owed to the owner by the business. Working capital is the capital left after the current liabilities have been subtracted from the current assets. If the business does not have any working capital the business will not be able to continue to operate. Significance of the balance sheet The balance sheet shows how the business has been financed. For he sole trader the balance sheet can be shown as a formula, which is: > Fixed assets > + Working capital > – Long-term liabilities > = NET assets The final Accounts for a Partnership Accounts Definition of a Partnership The Partnership Act of 1890 defines a partnership as: The relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit Accounting requirements of a partnership The accounting requirements of a partnership are as follows: > To follow the rules that have been set out in the Partnership Act of 1890 > Or they could agree upon a partnership agreement, to follow different accounting rules. This will be explained in further detail later on in the essay If the partners cannot agree upon terms then the Partnership Act 1890 will apply it stats the following accounting rules: > Any profits or losses are to be shared between the partners equally > No partner is eligible to a salary > Partners are not entitled to receive any interest on their capital > Interest is not to be charged on drawings made by the partners > If any partner contributes more capital than has been agreed, they are entitled to receive interest at 5% per annum on the extra amount This only applies if the partners fail to agree on an agreement of their own. Year end accounts of a Partnership A partnership prepares that same end of year accounts as the sole trader, this being: > A trading and profit and loss account > And a balance sheet The difference between the end of year accounts for a sole trader and a partnership is that after the profit and loss account the partnership must prepare an appropriation account. This serves to show how the net profit that the profit and loss account shows is divided amongst the partners. Partnership Agreement A partnership agreement is drawn up by the partners and is a deviation form the accounting rules set out by the Partnership Act 1890. All partners must agree to the agreement before being allowed to go ahead. The partnership agreement will normally follow the following areas: > The division of profits and losses between the partners > Any partners salaries/commission > If interest is allowed on capital and at what rate > If interest is to be charged on partners drawings and at what rate The division of profits and losses between the partners The partnership act 1890 states that no matter how much someone has contributed to the business in the form of capital, they will only receive the same share of the profits as a person who has contributed less. This is why many partnership agreements state that if someone contributes more capital they get more of the profit. Partners salaries/commission The partnership act 1890 states that no partner is to receive a salary. This however is not normally the case within partnership agreements, many partnership agreements set out that those partners who work more within the business deserve a salary due to the time they are committing to the business. Similarly a partnership agreement may have within it a commission payment with sales that a partner may make once again this is due to the contribution this partner is making. Interest allowed on capital The partnership act 1890 states that no interest on capital is to be paid unless a partner contributes more than agreed then they are allowed 5% on the extra capital. Within many partnership agreements there is a clause that allows interest to be given on capital this is a form of compensation to the partner because they can use this interest money to invest in other things. The interest on capital may also be used as a form of compensating the differences that may appear between the capitals that are contributed. Interest charged on partners drawings In the partnership act 1890 it states that no interest is to be charged on the drawings made by a partner this leads to problems because the partner may withdraw valuable funds when they are most required, so many partnership agreements outline that a charge is to be set on the withdrawal of capital, this then deters the partner from withdrawing due to the penalty they will incur. Other points > Interest on loans – if a partner makes a loan to the partnership then as set down in the partnership act 1890 they will receive interest of 5%, this is why many partnership agreements agree on a different rate of interest > Interest on current accounts – a partnership agreement may outline the interest that is to be allowed on the balance of a partner’s current account this will be paid to the partner if they are still credited and taken away if they are debited. Capital accounts and Current accounts An important difference between the final accounts of a sole trader and that of a partnership is that each partner of a partnership has a capital account and a current account. The capital account is usually fixed and only changes if an alteration in the amount of capital is exhibited. The current account is constantly changing and is the account that the following are placed: > Share of any profit is credited > Share of any loss is debited > Salary/commissions if there are any are credited > Any interest on partners capital is credited > Any drawings are debited > Any interest on charged on partners drawings is debited The current account is treated as a working account. Appropriation of Profits The appropriation account shows how the net profit has been divided amongst the partners, before the net profit can be divided the following things must be taken or added to the net profit before the final share of profits can be disturbed: > Any interest added on partners drawings > Salaries/Commissions to be taken away > Any interest on partners capital to be subtracted After these have been taken or added the final share of profits will remain, this then can be distributed between the partners at the correct percentage for each. Balance Sheet When a partnership is completing its balance sheet at the end of the year the end balances on each partner’s capital and current accounts must be shown. It is usual that the transactions that have taken place on each account be shown in a summary form, just as in a sole traders balance sheet they will take the drawings away from the net profit for that year. The other features of a balance sheet are the same as a sole traders balance sheet. The Final Accounts for a Limited Company Accounts Advantages of forming a Limited Company A limited company is owned by the shareholders and run by the directors, it is a separate legal entity. A limited company is often chosen as the legal status of a business because of the following reasons: > Limited liability > Separate legal entity > Ability to raise finance > Membership > Any other factors Limited liability If a company where to go into solvency with limited liability the shareholders would only lose the capital they have invested. This means the shareholder is covered for any losses of the company and will not be liable to repay the creditors. Separate legal entity The company is a separate legal entity form the shareholders, if someone where to take action against the company they do so against the company and not against the individual shareholders. Ability to raise finance A limited company can raise funds from the follow outside sources: > For a PLC – this capital is generate from the general public buyer shares which are traded on the Stock Market > For a LTD – this capital is generated from Venture Capital companies and friends and family who can purchase shares Membership To be a member of a limited company you are required to own at least one share of that company, there is a minimum number of members which is two and no upper limit. If you are a member of a company you are the same as a shareholder. Other factors As a limited company is normally larger than that of a sole trader or partnership it benefits from economies of scale and makes it of sufficient size to employ such specialists as production, marketing, finance which work in their respective functions. The Companies Act The Limited Companies Act 1985, which was amended in 1989 states that there are two types of limited companies. The large Public companies or PLC’s and the smaller Private companies or LTD’s there is also another type of limited company which is called the limited by guarantee. Public limited company (PLC) A company can become a public limited company if it has the following: > The issued share capital is over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 > There are at least two members and at least two directors A public company does not have to sell stocks and shares on the Stock Exchange but this is normally where most of the capital is raised. Private limited company (LTD) The most common limited company is the private limited company or LTD, the term private company was not set out in the Companies Act 1985, but is the most traditional way of describing a LTD. A private limited company has the following: > There are no minimum requirements for issued share capital > There needs to be at least two members and at least one director The shares are not traded on the stock market, but can be traded between individuals although with the shares not being traded on the stock exchange the price at which these shares will be traded may fluctuate. Company limited by guarantee The limited by guarantee company does not rely on the purchase of shares, but relies on members agreeing to pay a stated amount if the company goes bankrupt. Governing Documents of Companies When a limited company is being set up the Companies Act requires the two following documents: > Memorandum of Association > Articles of Association The Memorandum of Association is the constitution of a company, it outlines how the business is to relate to the outside world. It will contain the following five clauses: 1) The name of the company along with the public or private limited part 2) The authorised share capital 3) The objects of the company which is the activities that the company can engage in 4) The registered company of the company 5) A statement that the liability of the members is limited The Articles of Association this regulates the internal administration of the company, it also includes powers of directors and the holding of company meetings. Accounting requirements of the Companies Act The Companies Act 1985 which was amended in 1989, requires the production of accounts for a limited company it also sets out the detailed information that must be disclosed. For a large company the accounts are audited by an external auditor, this is not often the case with a small or medium sized company due to them being exempt. After the end of the financial year the accounts must be completed within nine-months and sent to the Companies House where they are available for the viewing of the public. A copy of the accounts must be available to all shareholders this is paired with a report on the companies activities during the year. Types of shares by Limited Companies In the Memorandum of Association the authorised share capital is stated. The issued shared capital may not be the same as the authorised share capital, the issued share capital under law is not allowed to exceed the authorised share capital. If a company wishes to extend the amount of share capital that it is allowed to issue it must pass an appropriate resolution at a general meeting of the shareholders. The authorised and shared issue capital is divided into different types of shares which are: > Ordinary shares > Preference shares With these shares come voting rights to the holder which can give the right to the holder to have their say at the annual general meeting. Ordinary shares An ordinary share is the most commonly issued share and carry’s with it the main ‘risks and rewards’ that come with the success of the business. If the business makes a profit the holder of the share will receive a dividend, these share are paid after preference shares dividends. Also of the company records a loss the share holders will loss part or all of their investment. Many companies when they have made a profit don’t pay out all the profit, many keep a percentage as a reserve. This reserve money can be used the next year as a dividend if the company does not make a sufficient profit, this serves to keep the investor interested and thinking they are getting a return on their shares. When a business goes into solvency the ordinary share holders receive any payments last. Preference shares A preference share normally carry’s a fixed rate of dividends. The dividends of the preference shares are paid out before the dividends of an ordinary share, although the dividends are only paid if the company makes a profit. If the company goes into solvency the preference share will receive a part of their payment before the ordinary shares. Nominal and market values of shares The nominal value of a share is the face value of the share, shares can be issued for any amount. This nominal value is not normally the same as the market value of the share due to it being traded at different prices constantly. Issue price This is the price the shares are issued to the shareholders by the company. The issue price is either at a par with the nominal value or above the nominal value. When the issue of the issue price is above the nominal value it is known as a share premium. Loans and Debentures As well as selling shares to raise capital the business may also be required to take a loan or debenture which can be obtained from the shareholders. With these two methods of raising capital usually comes a fixed rate of interest on the amount. This interest is considered a business expense so is placed in the profit and loss account with all the other expenses. If the company goes into insolvency the loan/debenture will be paid off before any shareholders are paid. Trading and Profit and Loss Account When most limited companies are creating their financial statements they are normally the same as that of a sole trader and a partnership. However there are two expenses that are found in a limited companies profit and loss account but not in any other type of business, these are: > Directors remuneration (directors salary) – this is entered because the directors are employed by the company and thus are an expense to the company > Debenture interest – this is entered into the companies profit and loss account because it is an expense to the company The limited company completes it profit and loss account and finds out the Net profit, an appropriation account is then drawn up below this. Balance Sheet The balance sheet of limited companies are for the most part the same as all other companies balance sheet apart from the odd difference in the things that go into the current assets, fixed assets and liabilities. The difference is that the capital section of the balance sheet is rather complex due to the different shares that are issued and the various reserves. Reserves A limited company will very rarely disburse all its profits between its shareholders, it will instead keep back a certain amount as a reserve. There are two types of reserve: > Capital reserves – which are created because not all the capital that has been taken was used for trading > Revenue reserves – these are the retained profits from the profit and loss account Capital reserves Examples of capital reserves which cannot be used to fund dividends payments include: > Revaluation reserve – this takes place when a fixed asset is revalued in the balance sheet, this revaluation is then placed in a revaluation reserve, it then serves to increase the shareholders investment in the company > Share premium account – a company may wish to issue extra shares to be available to the general public at a price over that of the nominal price. The nominal value of the shares is input into the share capital account and the extra money on top of the shares laced into the share premium account. Revenue reserves This is very often left as the balance of the appropriation account of the profit and loss account, it is most commonly known as the profit and loss account balance. On the other hand they may choose to put this revenue into a separate account of its own. This transfer to and from these accounts will in recorded in the appropriation account. The regulatory framework of accounting When talking about the regulatory framework of accounting you are simply talking about the rules that are to be followed when preparing final accounts. There are two forms these rules take the form of these are: > Accounting concepts > Accounting standards Accounting concepts Below are the basic accounting concepts that are to be followed when preparing final accounts: > Business entity > Money measurement > Historical cost > Duality > Materiality > Going concern > Accruals > Consistency > Prudence Business entity concept This concept outlines that the final accounts and records of a business are that of the business and that no personal assets of the owner’s are included within these records. The main links that are disclosed between the business and the owner(s) is the capital accounts and drawings. Money measurement concept This concept means that all items that are within the final accounts are expressed as money, this means all the values can be added together to come up with the net profit, gross profit and so on. The problem with this is that things that cannot be recorded as money such as good management will not be valued and all companies will be seen to be managed the same way, only in time will the good management become apparent. Historical cost concept This is an extension of the money measurement concept, it basically means that a transaction should be recorded at the value it was historically recorded or initially recorded, so if a vehicle cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 at purchase it should be entered for that amount. This concept brings with it advantages which are as follows: > Verifiable – there is a prime document that confirms that this transaction has occurred > Objective – there are no new valuations of the vehicle which will make it easier to price when it comes to sale This concept also brings with it disadvantages which are as follows: > The change of value – all items change in value over time and this wont be recorded the value may have went up or down > The effects of inflation Duality concept This concept ensures that all transactions are entered into the double-entry system twice one on the credit side and one on the debit side. Materiality concept This concept sets out that some items within accounts are so low in monetary value there would be no point in recording them separately. Some examples of these types of items are listed below: > The likes of donations to charities, the purchasing of plants for the office and other small expenses such as these are seen not to justify their own expense account, so they are grouped together in a sundry expenses account > The end of year stocks of stationary such as paper for printers, paper clips, pens etc are not seen to be material due to the fact they don’t affect the business earnings however they are placed within the profit and loss account > The low cost fixed expenses such as bins, staplers etc are not classed as capital expenditure, they are instead classified as expenses within the profit and loss account. Technically they should be placed within the fixed assets account of the balance sheet and be depreciated every year of their life span, but it would not be worth the effort due to them being immaterial in that they wouldn’t cause any real affect to final figures. What a business will consider material depends really on the size of the particular business, the likes of a large business would find anything under à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 immaterial and not worth putting into their own account whereas a small company would consider these items material and have them in their own account. Going concern concept This concept is presuming that the business to which the final accounts relate will continue to trade for the foreseeable future. The final accounts are prepared on the basis that the business has no intention of significantly down sizing or liquidating its assets. If the business was going to down size and where to sell a purpose built factory this factory would be a going concern to the business but would be of limited use to other industries for this reason the building would command less value. This instead of being described as a going concern would instead be described as a gone concern. In a gone concern extra depreciation would be added to the profit and loss account to account for the reduction in fixed assets. Accruals concept This concept is concerned with the expenses and revenues being matched so that they will concern the same goods/services and the same time period. In the profit and loss account expenses should always be entered whether they have been paid for or not. This is where the principle of income and expenditure accounting came from. Below are further examples of the accruals concept: > Debtors > Creditors > Depreciation > Bad debts > Provision for bad debts > Opening and closing stock adjustments in profit and loss account Consistency concept This concept is concerned that when a company adopts a particular method for accounting they should continue to use that method in a constant fashion. When a business has adopted a particular practice for accounts they may at times wish to make some changes, this is acceptable as long as there is a good reason for it, this change is to be noted on the final accounts to explain what has happened. With the consistency of the accounts the business can make comparisons between different years. Prudence concept This concept is also known as the conservatism in accounting. This concept requires where there is any doubt as to the value of an item report a conservative figure to be entered within the final accounts. Although this does not mean that profits are to be anticipated and should only be recognised if there is a distinct possibility they will be realised, as well as this all known liabilities should be provided for. A good example of this process is the provision for bad debts this is so any debt that maybe written off may be accounted for. The theory behind this concept is that it prevents the business from being to over optimistic with its presentation of final accounts. All of the above concepts apply to the final accounts of a sole trader, a partnership and a limited company. With relation to the limited companies the Companies Act 1985 gives legal force to the following concepts: > Going concern > Accruals > Consistency > Prudence If the company does not apply these concepts will receive a qualified report from its auditors. Accounting Standards The framework for accounting is represented by the Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP) and Financial Reporting Standards (FRS). The Statements of Standard Accounting Practice are no longer issued, but they still come under the control of the Accounting Standards Board. The Accounting Standards Board requires that accountants adhere to all applicable accounting standards and are able to disclose and explain deviations from the standards that may occur. To try and reduce the number of permissible accounting treatments, a number of Statements of Standard Accounting Practice have been replaced by Financial Reporting Standards. The main accounting standards are: > SSAP 5 Accounting for Value Added Tax > SSAP 9 Stocks and long-term contracts > FRS 15 Tangible fixed assets > FRS 18 Accounting policies SSAP 5 Accounting for Value Added Tax VAT is a tax on the supply of goods and services. Business with a turnover of over a certain figure will be registered for VAT. At regular intervals the business that are registered will pay VAT Authorities such as HM Customs and Excise on the following: > The amount of output tax collected on sales made > Less the amount of input tax on goods and services purchased The business can claim a refund from the HM Customs and Excise department if the input tax is greater than the output tax. This claim will be made on the difference. A business that is VAT-registered does not normally include the VAT in the income and expenditure of the business – whether for capital or revenue reasons. There are goods and services that are exempt from VAT these are things such as the loaning of money and letting of land, VAT cannot be charged by the charge so no output tax is received, they can only clam back an agreed proportion of the input tax that has been pre agreed with the VAT authorities. Irrecoverable VAT occurs when a business that has been registered cannot reclaim VAT on input tax, this means the VAT is entered into the accounts as an expense. A business that is not registered for VAT will include VAT within its input financial statements. SSAP 9 Stocks and long-term contracts This sets out the broad rule that stock should be valued at cost or, where lower, selling price. FRS 15 Tangible fixed assets This sets out that a fixed asset has a known economic life and must be depreciated, this doesn’t apply to land unless it is either a quarry or mine. As long as the depreciation method is acceptable it can be used to spread the cost of a fixed asset consistently over that fixed assets economic life. A depreciation amount is most of the time based on the cost of the fixed asset. FRS 18 Accounting policies This standard is to ensure that all material items have the following: > The particular circumstances of the business accounting policies are fit of the given purpose and give a true and fair view > The policies that have been selected by a company are regularly reviewed to ensure they are still appropriate, also when the circumstances change the policies are changed to > The information that is disclosed within the financial statements is of sufficient information to enable users to understand the accounting policies that have been adopted and how they have been implemented

High School vs. College Essay

Stepping stones are like the baby steps into something greater, like high school and college. In high school, everyone says to focus yourself more into, because high school is the place to gain the knowledge that is nearly identical to the â€Å"actual world†. College, on the other hand, is when both the teachers and students can both relate to how the real world would function. So high school is the part of the baby steps that reach into college and as well as the real world. Although high school and college reading and writing become different, they also have some similarities, but in the end they’re both really important to everything that happens in people’s everyday lives. In my four years of being in high school English, I can say that it’s already really different from college. The reading in high school was always given and there were times that it included self-reading, but it was because we were given questions to answer. Other times, it was because we had to do journals on each chapter of the book; main idea, summaries, character changes, etc. Overall, it was really easy, because the teachers would do at least half of the work for you and then you would be given the rest as homework, as long as you don’t procrastinate. Being a freshman is college, it’s scary, because you hear stories from people saying how easy or hard it is being in college. There’s more self-reading that has to be done and during that time, you also have the process of taking notes and writing small responses when needed to on your own. It’s all about the independency and responsibility that any adult would have when entering through college. As much as I love the subject English, I was never a huge fan of writing, whether I’m in high school or college. The writing processes that happened in high school were usually the same. We would read something that the teacher had given to us, take notes, and from those notes, we would have had to write some form of paper or short response. All the information about the book and paper were given to us, made it that much easier to know what to write about and what the paper was required to have by the teacher. College is a whole new environment for those who are entering and sometimes it can take a while to get acquainted with everything. College is one of those things. The writing in college is very different, because the professors want something to be originally different form each student, rather than having to read all the class articles and they all end up sounding the same. Everything is different, because the formats that we have always stuck to throughout elementary and improved during high school is almost not needed in college. All those five paragraph essays won’t even be considered as an essay anymore, but if there are more paragraphs and as long as the topic is straight through, then that’s an essay. Reading and writing are really important things to be learned, because that’s basically what the whole world consists of; letters and words and paragraphs. You can’t learn how to write if you don’t how to read or else you wouldn’t know the meaning of those words and the sentence itself. The same concept goes for reading. Be glad that you know how to do both of these things, because some people aren’t as fortunate as we are. Where they come from, education is given differently, which doesn’t allow â€Å"everyone† to be able to have the same education as others. This is also another reason why some families travel to a country so that their children can have a better future than the parents or their families have had before them. This allows the not only the children new expectations, but also gives the families some new experiences as they travel through this journey. Writing and reading are two very important skills that are called Communication. For example, my major is Philosophy – Pre law. In pre-law it’s all about the debates and knowing how to communicate. Without these two main factors, then you wouldn’t be able to converse with others and be able to exchange ideas, because then how would you be able to learn and increase your knowledge to be able to win the debates? This is the main reason of why reading and writing are very important to all of us. Everyone has heard other people tell them that you must always prepare yourself when entering into the â€Å"real world†. Where we are at right now, whether it be high school or college, are considered as baby steps into reaching new experiences. First, there is high school, where we go to school and we gain more knowledge that is nearly identical to what we would be experiencing soon in the future. Then onto the next stepping stone, college, where it is the place that we can actually apply all those abilities that we learned before and into a place that the world would function similarly. So all in the end, it’s really important and maybe even critical that we all learn and know how to read and write since the entire world in made of mainly these two main factors.