The Battle Of The American Revolution - 2391 Words

When French and British both claimed expansion into the Ohio River Valley in 1756, the war broke out. This war was called the French Indian War, also known as the Seven Years’ War. Actually, it was the first worldwide war because it was a massive conflict between Spain, France, England, North America, Austria, Philippine, and Prussia. The Seven Years’ War lasted from 1756 to 1763. It ended with British’s victories at Louisburg, Fort Frontenac and Quebec. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 was an afterward treaty that ultimately led to the British dominance of North America colonial outposts. However, the staggering cost of the war put British in a dangerous economic situation with enormous debts. Furthermore, Britain had to deal with new territories and old colonies. Parliament therefore passed a series of measures to recover the expenses on the war and created new courses in dealing with America. Those measures intensified colonials’ resistance to British imperi al policies, which later led to the American Revolution. The American Revolution was a comprehensive revolution, which included economic, political and social causes. When the American Revolution ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the consequences of the American Revolution could also affect nation politically, socially, and economically. The economic cause of the American Revolution was Britain’s imperial policies based on recovering of the debts between 1763 and 1776. Beginning with the Currency Act in 1764,Show MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Revolution1535 Words   |  7 Pages 1775, tension between the American colonies and Great Britain had reached its breaking point as fighting erupted at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. These battles marked the beginning of the American Revolution, where the colonists sought freedom from King George III of England and Parliament. After fighting for years to gain their independence, the American colonies won the war. E ven though the colonists faced several disadvantages during the American Revolution against the British, the determinationRead MoreBattle Of The American Revolution1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Yorktown was one of the most significant battles of the American Revolution. Not only was it a major battle that helped end the war but also showed the power of the Continental Army’s field artillery. The battle was a major turning point in establishing the freedom of the United States of America and was the last major battle of the war. The Continental and French forces moved to Yorktown on 28 September 1781, however the first shot was not fired until 9 October of 1781. It was roughlyRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Revolution1377 Words   |  6 Pages The American Revolution begins with the taxation of the American colonies to pay for French and Indian War or sometimes called the Seven-Year War. The British fought the French and the Indian nations in the colonies. After the British victory, Britain had a large debt to pay. The debt was approximately 140 million pounds. It was Prime Minister George Grenville, secretary of Treasury in England, came up with an idea to pay this debt; however, the colonists would not be very happy. To payRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Revolution1788 Words   |  8 PagesThe Battle of Yorktown was the last important battle of the American Revolution, which was fought from 28 September 1781 to 19 October 1781, in Yorktown Virginia, near the York River. The Continental Army, led by George Washington, won the battle against the British, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis. General Cornwallis was force to surrender after Washington’s army, assisted by the French who were led by Marquis de Lafayette and the Comte de Rochambeau (Davis, P., 2001), surrounded them. GeneralRead MoreBattle For The American Revolution957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle of Yorktown From October 09, 1781 to October 19, 1781, arguably the most important battle for the American Revolution took place in Yorktown, Virginia. During this 10 day battle, American forces decimated the British with strategic and relentless artillery fire virtually ending the Revolutionary War. This monumental battle was won from not only artillery fire, but also clever tactics. General George Washington and French commander Comte de Rochambeau out-smarted the British forces byRead MoreThe Battle Of Nassau : The American Revolution1183 Words   |  5 PagesBattle of Nassau The American Revolution war was sanctioned by the former British settlers who wanted autonomy from British Rule. The revolution itself was a culmination of years of heavy taxation and exploitation by the British loyalists. It was the expansionist ambitions of the British Empire that caused it to lose the grip on the American sub continent (Scanlan, 2015, Para. 2-4). The British had embarked on a serious expansion of its empire through the acquisition of colonies in Africa and AsiaRead MoreThe Battle Of Saratoga And The American Revolution1504 Words   |  7 Pages Between 1765-1783 the American Revolution had many different battles that affected its ending results. One of these battles were the Battle of Saratoga which had a major effect on the American Revolution. This battle displayed the Americans power to the French, convincing them to join the war with the Americans. France supplied the American with their advanced weaponry, financial help, and anything for them to win t he war. The Battle of Saratoga became to be known as a major turning pointRead MoreThe American Revolution : The Battle Of Bunker Hill899 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution Following the war in a loose chronological order, the main turning points of the American Revolution began as the war itself began. Lexington and Concord, while not being â€Å"turning points† per say, were the kick-off. What followed was the erroneously name â€Å"Battle of Bunker Hill†. Bunker Hill, while not officially a ‘win† for the patriots, served two purposes. With British casualties outnumbering Colonial loses nearly 3 to 1 (1,054 British to about 400 Colonial), and Congress’Read MoreThe Most Influential Battles of the American Revolution Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesmany battles that were fought, but there were a few that changed the result of the war. The battles of Trenton and Princeton were fought strategically. During both of the battles, Washington made bold moves that later impacted the army’s success. Another battle that was fought was the Battle of Saratoga, and before this battle, the Continental Army did not have a strong chance of winning because they were facing the powerful and well equipped British army. The Battle of Saratoga was the battle thatRead MoreThe Battle of Saratoga: The Turning Point of The American Revolution1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Saratoga: The Turning Point of the American Revoluti on The Revolutionary War is enshrined in American memory as the beginning of a new nation born in freedom. (The Saratoga Chamber of Commerce, 1999) On 17 October 1777, the surrender of the British during the Battle of Saratoga proved to the world that the American Army was an effective fighting force. The American victory at Saratoga was a major turning point in the America’s fight for Independence. This victory also resulted

Usability Evaluation and Recommendations Free Essays

Usability Evaluation and Recommendations For Sixties Press Poetry Magazine IT3210 – Web Systems and Technologies John Winko Capella University Introduction This paper will propose a website redesign for Sixties Press Poetry Magazine located at http://www. sixtiespress. co. We will write a custom essay sample on Usability Evaluation and Recommendations or any similar topic only for you Order Now uk. The site is owned by Thushari Williams according to Whois and the primary purpose of the site is curating/collecting/publishing various poets’ work that relates to a 1960’s era theme. There does not appear to be any corporate backing to the publication or syndication of any sort. After reading through the tirade of obfuscated source code, it is a safe assumption the site was initially done in an older version of Microsoft Word then saved as a webpage. Site improvements will be recommended based off of a blended heuristic matrix found in appendix 1 formed from Search Engine Journal and usereffect. com. Table of Contents Introduction2 Table of Contents3 Identity4 Structure and layout4 Information architecture and site navigation5 Use of visual elements6 Usability7 Accessibility7 Conclusion8 References9 Appendix 1 – Heuristic Usability Questionnaire10 Appendix 2 – Site Navigation and Use Case Scenario14 Identity The website http://www. sixtiespress. co. uk is for a magazine called â€Å"Sixties Press Poetry†. The site has a logo that is replicated at the top of every page but does not have a clear tag line to indicate the purpose of the site. A user has to glean the fact the site is a collaboration of different authors generating 60’s themed poetry from menu items and the body content on the main page. There is not a specific â€Å"About Us† page anywhere on the site and the only contact information is in a small section on the bottom left portion of the homepage. The target audience is anyone seeking poetry with a 60’s theme and critical of poetry publishing processes in place in today’s society. Additionally, there are options for purchasing hard-print magazines chosen from a catalog. These facts are not readily ascertained from the overload of content found on the homepage. The site redesign will give a more concise description of the site’s purpose on the homepage as well as a brief tagline. The amount of content on the homepage will be trimmed down so that the site’s identity and purpose are more readily apparent. Structure and layout From a layout standpoint, the overall wrapping of the body of each page on the site changes with the homepage having a wrapped width of 836px while the poetry page has a fixed width of 989px. This inconsistency leads to extra whitespace for some pages while less or none for other pages based on the user’s browser resolution and size. The body content is also left aligned so all extra whitespace is shown on the right which detracts from easier focus on the central content of pages. All of the pages show the site logo at the top followed by a navigation menu. This is considered good design and will not be changed structurally for the site redesign. The homepage uses a 3 column layout while other pages vary from 1 to 3 columns for their layouts. Columns are not distinctive in their content and are structurally disruptive giving the appearance of â€Å"cramming† information into a tighter space. There are apparent sections within the homepage body to delineate different parts of the site but no form of clean navigation to identify a relevant section quickly aside from consolidated coloring for each section. Pages are laid out with tables using blank paragraph tags to add space for formatting. This creates a very different viewing experience across different browsers as each medium has a different set of default values for spacing padding etc. The table widths also vary from page to page and section to section creating different alignments from the fixed position formatting used. The site redesign will eliminate the table structure for layout and use floated elements (divisions) to accomplish a more fluid layout. Column structure will follow designs set forth in Appendix 2. Information architecture and site navigation The entire site is broken into about 8 pages branching from the homepage with numerous anchor links used to navigate long pages of poetry. The actual content pages are extremely long, to the point the thumb scroll becomes it’s minimize size at 1920Ãâ€"1080 screen resolution. Given the breadth of information on pages such as â€Å"Poetry. hml†, the architecture could be improved by breaking out pages by author and/or subject. Individual hyperlinks do follow a consistent pattern of being underlined and a hand mouse pointer to indicate that clicking the link is actionable. The actual ordering information for hard print magazines is hidden in a catalog link not listed on the main navigation bar. There are also pages for internal authors that are only accessible from the main page and are not descriptive to being a collection of a specific the respective authors work. The site redesign will encompass using a more description navigation menu to better direct the user if they wish to purchase anything the site has to offer as well as a more intuitive menu and architecture for collective works by author. Use of visual elements For a website decided to poetry, the decisions for color and contrast do not follow a typical 60’s theme let alone theming for easier reading. Typically 60’s themed colors include Turquoise, Jade, and Mint Green amongst others (McEvoy, n. d. ), starkly contrasted to the dark red on black shown on the homepage. The â€Å"important† headings all have a random color with an â€Å"XOR’d† background while the menu has the same variation of random colors with a pitch black background. Each subsection of content within the body of the homepage is a different color with additional areas having an offset color scheme. The under-contrasted pages would make viewing the site very difficult for someone that is color blind The background wallpaper on each page has a subtle 60’s them but does not contrast well with the multi-color text of poetry passages or content in general. The font size and space are adequate but the font face itself detracts from the aesthetics of the pages’ content. The majority of the block text uses a â€Å"Black Chancery† font face which is not considered web safe and the site would be better suited to use a standard serif font. An exception can be made to allow for an embedded font such as Bellbottom Laser (Lorvad, 1991) to be used for adding flare to title headings. Usability Rather than using the html pseudo element â€Å"copy;† the designer made a picture of their copyright statement and it appears they expanded its size from the original distorting the image quality. The site redesign will use text in place of images used to accomplish to the same task. The picture of Barry Tebb, one of the authors, requires a java applet to run only to have a non-value added effect of water droplets on a grainy photo. The site redesign will remove the unnecessary applet and use a static image instead. Additionally, the site logo will be linked directly to the homepage making navigation easier. There is a text area on the homepage that contains about 5 paragraphs of text and requires scrolling in a very narrow window. This will be revised into a more useable text block following the same design pattern as the rest of the site. With the exception of archives page, text blocks are limited to less than 80 characters per line making reading easier. Although links are properly anchored and are consistent with being underlined, the redesign will consolidate link colors to preserve thematic relevance. The actual number of links on the homepage will be reduced as its current form has more links than descriptive content detracting from understanding the purpose of a homepage. Accessibility A W3C validation of the homepage discovered over 130 HTML coding errors and all of the styles were made inline without any use of external CSS. (W3C, 2012) None of the images on the site have alt text to failover if the image failed to load. There is not a concise separation between navigation and content within the code as the home used a table row and other pages used paragraphs as the separating entities. By eliminating the table structure of pages, the site redesign will properly code in HTML5/CSS3 ensuring the viewing experience is consistent across the majority of browsers. The site uses a JavaScript based pop-out menu to assist navigating large pages of poetry but there are numerous compatibility issues that occur. The pop-out menu rests about halfway down the screen and overlaps the body content both when expanded and collapsed. The menu bar beneath the logo is in an intuitive place but â€Å"jumps around† when navigating different pages since the formatting rules vary between browsers. The site redesign will eliminate the JavaScript based pop-out menu and will instead use a floating sub-menu for individual sections. Conclusion The majority of changes to the site will be thematic in nature, updating the color scheme and positioning. Additional changes will be made to improve the site’s identity starting with revising the homepage and including an â€Å"About Us† page to further expand the site’s purpose. HTML and CSS coding standards and practices will be strictly adhered to ensuring compatibility and proper viewing experience across major browsers. References Cumbrowski, C. (2008, Feb 20). 50 Questions to Evaluate the Quality of Your Website. Retrieved Nov 25, 2012, from Search Engine Journal: http://www. searchenginejournal. com/50-questions-to-evaluate-the-quality-of-your-website/6400/ Lorvad. (1991). BellBottom Laser font. Retrieved Nov 25, 2012, from Fontspace. com: http://www. fontspace. com/lorvad/bellbottom-laser McEvoy, D. (n. d. ). Interior Design Retro Style. Retrieved Nov 25, 2012, from All Things Frugal: http://www. allthingsfrugal. com/retro_interior_design. htm Meyers, D. P. (2012, Feb 10). 25-point Website Usability Checklist. Retrieved Nov 25, 2012, from User Effect: http://www. usereffect. com/topic/25-point-website-usability-checklist W3C. (2012, Nov 25). W3C Markup Validation Service. Retrieved Nov 25, 2012, from World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): http://validator. w3. org/check? uri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. sixtiespress. co. uk%2Findex. htmcharset=%28detect+automatically%29doctype=Inlinegroup=0 Appendix 1 – Heuristic Usability Questionnaire Navigation 1. Are links labeled with anchor text that provides a clear indication of where they lead? Yes. 2. Depth – what is the maximum number of clicks it takes to reach a page within the depths of the site? All pages are a single click away from the homepage (2 clicks if including anchoring from the menu). Given the amount of content on the site it would be more manageable to have a 3 click architecture to more concisely filter and arrange content (by author/by subject). 3. If a splash screen or navigation feature is provided in a Java/JavaScript/Flash format, is a text-based alternative also available? Yes, a JavaScript pop out menu is feature on long pages of poetry and a text version is available at the top of the page. 4. Do clickable items stylistically indicate that they are clickable? Yes, all items that are underlined are linked to some content and the mouse pointer changes to a hand to indicate that the click will be actionable. 5. How intuitive is it to navigate? Are signs obvious or obscured? In a general sense the navigation is intuitive but far from consistent with the layout changes between different pages. The pop-out menu is intuitive in IE but not in other browsers (actual clickable area is not visible). 6. Main navigation is easily identifiable. Mostly yes, however there is a page that contains revenue generation from ordering magazine that is not shown in the navigation bar or easily identifiable. Additionally there are pages that are specific to internal authors that are only accessible from the main page. 7. Navigation labels are clear concise. Textually relevant yes but thematically difficult to read. 8. Number of buttons/links is reasonable. No, there are links to too many different areas on the homepage detracting from being concise. The homepage itself has more link than actual content. 9. Company logo is linked to home? page. No. 10. Links are consistent easy to identify. All links are underlined but thematically change very regularly from size and color. An exception exists for the clickable area for each of the links, clicking to high on the text has no effect. Accessibility 1. Is content structurally separate from navigational elements? The navigation menu on the home page is separated from other content by a tr tag but on subsequent pages is contained in a p tag. There is not a concise separation between navigation and content. 2. Is the website cross-browser compatible? No. The layout is achieved using tables and paragraph blanks and the viewing experience was different between Firefox, Chrome and IE. 3. How compliant is the website with W3C coding standards? Valid HTML/CSS? No, a W3C validation resulted in over 130 errors. The pages only contain inline styles with no external or embedded CSS. 4. Are ‘alt’ tags in place on all significant images? No, there are not alt tags used for any images. 5. Are text-based alternatives in place to convey essential information if this is featured within images or multimedia files? No, on top of alt text being absent, the java applet containing a photo on the main page does not fail safely and left as an empty area. 6. Site load? time is reasonable? Yes, there are very few pictures and most pages consist primarily of text in the form of poems/poetry. . Adequate text? to? background contrast? No. The featured articles page has text color very close to the background color while the navigation items are too contrasted in difference. 8. Flash add? ons are used sparingly. Yes, but the sole java applet add-on used has no specific utility or purpose. The JavaScript pop-out menu does not load correctly across all browsers and is completely cut off from use in Chrome and Firefox. 9. Site has custom not? found/404 page. No. (Requires a server side change so not applicable) Identity 1. Company logo is prominently placed. Yes 2. Clear statement of PURPOSE of the site? Purpose does not become clear within a few seconds without reading much or no text copy at all. Assumptions have to be made from the text in the logo and menu to find out it is a magazine about poetry. 3. Who is the target audience? The site is meant for anyone seeking 60’s era poetry and those looking to purchase a copy of the print magazine. 4. Tagline makes company’s purpose clear. No tagline present. It is assumed the site is about poetry after reading through the body content. . Home? page is digestible in 5 seconds. No, there are multiple vectors the eyes are drawn to which makes getting an overall view more difficult. There are laundry lists of authors, selected readings and selected sections for each subpage of the site on the homepage. 6. Clear path to company information. No specific â€Å"About Us† page listed and had to specifically perform a WHOIS search to determine t rue site ownership. The homepage does contain a clause that specifies original copyright remains with respective authors and images were courtesy of Leeds Library. . Clear path to contact information? Not really, there are contact details on the bottom left corner of the homepage but not specifically listed as official site contact. Design 1. Is the site’s design aesthetically appealing? No, the color scheme alone makes the site very unappealing. The stark contrasts set against the â€Å"swirling† background makes focusing difficult and the left aligned nature draws too much attention to the whitespace left on the right side of the screen. 2. Are the colors used harmonious and logically related? No, colors seem extremely random in nature although they are logically related to sections (one color for each section). 3. Are the color choices visually accessible? No, some parts have color themes that are too starkly contrasted while others are not contrasted enough to allow easier reading. It would be very difficult for someone color blind to absorb a lot of the content. 4. Is the design audience appropriate? Yes, the font size is appropriate for older audiences and those wishing to â€Å"retro† to 60’s content. 5. Font size/spacing is easy to read? Font size and spacing is adequate. 6. Readability and appropriate type face? No, there are multiple different fonts used and the specific fonts do not add to the readability or theme of the website. The â€Å"Black Chancery† font use predominately for block text is not considering a web safe font. Content 1. Is the website copy succinct but informative? There are continuous sections of poetry that detracts from being â€Å"succinct† but the content only design can be considered informative. 2. Does the copywriting style suit the website’s purpose and ‘speak’ to its target audience? There is an attempt at using vibrant colors resembling 60’s design but that attempt falls short of effectively speaking this to the audience. 3. Are bodies of text constrained to 80 characters per line? Most pages do, however, the Archives page does not and has text that spans the entire width of the page. 4. Can text be resized through the browser or do CSS settings restrict size alteration? Text can be resized at different resolutions without detriment. 5. Is the contrast between text and its background color sufficient to make reading easy on the eyes? No, the color scheme heavily detracts from easier reading (see design considerations) 6. Is text broken into small, readable chunks and highlighted using headings, sub-headings and emphasis features where appropriate to assist in skimming? Yes. 7. Do you have testimonials and publish them on the site? There is a â€Å"Reviews† page that acts as a testimonials or critical acclaim although the mix of good and bad reviews is not concise. 8. Do you update the content regularly and don’t live by the phrase â€Å"set it and forget it†? Content has not been updated since 2007 so it appears the content has been â€Å"forgotten†. . Major headings are clear descriptive. Yes 10. Styles colors are consistent. No, see previous comments on color scheme. 11. Emphasis (bold, etc. ) is used sparingly. No, although there is an absence of b and em tags, emphasis is placed by using the stark contrast for header items in the form of color. 12. Ads pop? ups are unobtrusive. No, the menu pop-out overrides the underlying text. 13. Main copy is concise explanatory. Mostly, yes. As a poetry site each individual article accomplishes its own purpose although the particular arrangements used are not self-explanatory. 4. HTML page titles are explanatory. Yes. Appendix 2 – Site Navigation and Use Case Scenario Use Case Scenario Customer wants to know what others think about the site. 1. User visits homepage 2. User clicks About Us from menu 3. User clicks External Reviews/Links 4. User reads Reviews. | Customer wants to find a poem by X author 1. User visits homepage 2. User clicks the author from the author list 3. User reads poetry from author’s page 4. -OR- Click on catalog 5. Review publications list| How to cite Usability Evaluation and Recommendations, Essay examples

Top Advertising Agencies in South Africa Essay Example

Top Advertising Agencies in South Africa Essay In South Africa 1) Ogilvy amp; Mather South Africa In 1948, David Ogilvy founded the agency that would become Ogilvy amp; Mather. Starting with no clients and a staff of two, he built his company into one of the eight largest advertising networks in the world with more than 450 offices and 18,000 staff across 169 cities. Ogilvy amp; Mather South Africa’s origins lie with a small hot shop in Cape Town, founded by Bob Rightford, Brian Searle-Tripp and Roger Makin in 1976. After merging with Ogilvy in 1980, Ogilvy amp; Mather RS-TM dominated the local creative scene during the first decade and over the next twenty years was recognized as a brand-focused agency that acted with integrity. During the 1990’s, Ogilvy amp; Mather South Africa soared creatively under the leadership of Robyn Putter (1950-2010), who eventually went on to become the global creative head of WPP. Today, Ogilvy amp; Mather is the leader in the industry, focused on building and transforming brands. For more than 50 years, Oamp;M South Africa has created iconic advertising for clients such as KFC, VW, SAB, BP, DStv and Kraft, and we continue to live by our founders credo of â€Å"We sell, or else†. on Portfolio: http://www. ogilvy. co. za/2013/07/audi-audia3exchange-case-study/ Why? I Think the fact that they shave been in the business for so long, and handle major accounts and have won numerous awards time and time again proves to be good at what they do. We will write a custom essay sample on Top Advertising Agencies in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Top Advertising Agencies in South Africa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Top Advertising Agencies in South Africa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are the best leaders in the industry, they have worked with big brands and have the best adverts. Favourite ads: halls: klein Kimmie, VW closer,cudberry diary milk, lunch bar Tumi commercial, castle Ogilvy 2012 Cannes Awards List: * Gold:  South African Breweries, Carling Black Label, Be the coach, in Branded Entertainment: Best use or integration of experiential events (CPT) * Silver: South African Breweries, Carling Black Label, Be the coach, in Mobile: Best integrated campaign led by mobile (South Africa’s irst Lion in mobile) (CPT) * Silver: Volkswagen, BlueMotion, in Media: Best use of print media (CPT) * Bronze: South African Breweries, Carling Black Label, Be the Coach, in Direct Response Digital: Mobile marketing (CPT) * Bronze: South African Breweries, Carling Black Label, Be the Coach, in Public Relations Technique: Best use of sponsorship (CPT) * Bronze: Volkswagen, BlueMotion, in Direct Response Print or Standard Outdoor, including Inserts (CPT) * Bronze: Kr aft, Stimorol TasteTwist, Choir, in Radio: Best use of music and/or sound design (CPT) * Bronze (Campaign): Public Heatlth and Safety, Public Awareness Messages, Greenpeace (JHB) CONTACT Johannesburg: The Brand Building 15 Sloane Street Bryanston 2152 Johannesburg Private Bag X33 Bryanston 2021 [emailprotected] co. za +27 11 709 6600 Cape Town: 41 Sir Lowry Road Woodstock, Cape Town, 8000 PO Box 1142, Cape [emailprotected] co. za +27 21 467 1000 Durban: 76 Mahatma Gandhi Road Durban, 4001 PO Box 2424, Durban, [emailprotected] co. za +27 31 334 5600 2) The Jupiter Drawing Room (South Africa) Jupiter (Johannesburg) was founded by Renee Silverstone and Graham Warsop in 1989. The two grew the business from a small boutique advertising agency into one of South Africa’s largest advertising groups. Jupiter (Johannesburg) is headed up by Jerry Mpufane and has been successfully structured to handle a diverse number of accounts and accommodate the need for agile implementation of high-end creative work. Its business units are multi-skilled and cross-functional to ensure faster turnaround times and proactive problem solving, meaning it is a creative, beyond-the-line communications brand. Why? I believe they are in this Rank because they have created great advertisement, they have been ranked second best advertising firm in 2011 after Ogilivy amp; Mothers. And they too work with major brands. favorit ads: Omo one slap, Halls UFO, Portfolio http://www. adbrands. net/za/jupiterdrawingroom_za. htm http://www. coloribus. com/adsarchive/search/? q=THE+JUPITER+DRAWING+ROOM+SOUTH+AFRICA CONTACT Phone:| New Business Enquiries:| Physical Address| Postal Address| Reception:| Jerry Mpufane| Jupiter House| PO Box 4651| +27 11 233-8800|   | River Park| Rivonia| | Employment| 42 Homestead Road| South Africa| Fax:| Opportunities:| Rivonia| 2128| +27 11 233-8820| Human Resources| South Africa|   | | | | | Some of its awards * The Jupiter Drawing Room (Johannesburg) picked up two prestigious Gold Lions and a Silver in the Press and Poster Category for the much awarded Nugget Shoe Polish campaign, * Won the worlds most awarded print campaign in the advertising festival (by Pencils won) in 2005 (further to the wins at the recent American One Show Awards). * At the Cannes International Advertising Festival 2007, took two coveted Gold Lions. (Cape Town) won a Gold Media Lion for its innovative Mont Blanc newspaper advertisement * Jupita ranks third in the world at Midas Awards in 2011 * The Jupiter Drawing Room (Johannesburg) was one of the world’s agencies to be named as a winner in the Damp;AD Awards for its Absa ‘Team of Millions’ advertising campaign in 2012 3) Drafrcbc South Africa At the start of the millennium, in 2000, Draftfcb acquired Redline in an ongoing drive to offer clients an improved service and expanded offering that will add greater value to their businesses. The merge of the financial reporting and investor relations division, Draftfcb Jonssons, with the brand and corporate public relations division, Draftfcb Redline has recently created a powerful PR front for the agency. Redline is a totally integrated, full service corporate and stakeholder communications company offering a complete range of services to bolster Draftfcb South Africa’s current offering. Why? So far this year it’s the only Agency to Take 2 Spots on Millward Brown’s Top 10 Ranking, it was ranked third position top advertising company in 2011 Favorit ad Vodacom â€Å"Vodacom Ayeye†, Vodacom â€Å"Double Your Summer† Portfolio http://www. draftfcb. co. za/draftfcb. aspx#! /page_Home http://za. adforum. com/agency/12690/creative-work/draftfcb-south-africa | DISTINCTION| CATEGORY| BRAND| YEAR| Apex Awards| Bronze| Sustain| Toyota Hilux| 2013| Apex Awards| Silver| Change| SARS| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Silver| Ambient – Small Scale Special Solutions| Engen| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Bronze| Best Temporary In-Store Displays in a Promotional Campaign| Viral Boost| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Bronze| Press| Media 24/Die Burger| 2012| Financial Mail| Marketing Partnership of Year (with Toyota)| Marketing Partnership| | 2011| Financial Mail| Advertising Agency of the Year| Agency of the Year| | 2011| FinWeek| Vodacom Campaign of the Year| Campaign of the Year| | 2011| FinWeek| Newcomer Agency of the Year (Mesh)| Newcomer Agency| | 2011| FinWeek| Advertising Agency of the Year| Gauteng Agency of Year| | 2011| Loerie Awards| Bronze| Radio Communication| Vodacom Music Station| 2011| Loerie Awards| Bronze| Print Newspaper| Lexus| 2011| Loerie Awards| Campaign Gold| Radio Communication| Gidani Lotto| 2011| The Pendoring Awards (South Africa)| Silver| TV| Toyota| 2011| The Pendoring Awards (South Africa)| Gold| Truly South African-Radio| Lotto| 2011| And many more CONTACTS John Dixon Chief Executive Officer Telephone: +2711 566 6000 Email:  john. [emailprotected] co. za 4) TBWASA TBWASA  was formed in 2005 from the merger of what were previously two separate agencies, TBWAHunt Lascaris and TBWAGavin Reddy. Long established as one of the countrys most creative agencies, it scooped numerous awards around the world in 2010 for the widely admired Trillion Dollar campaign for The Zimbabwean independent newspaper, which highlighted the financial plight of the people of Zimbabwe in posters made from the countrys near-worthless currency http://www. tbwa. co. za/ourwork. php Why? I believe they are mostly strong on the more creative side of graphics then TV ads, and they are the best at outside work such as architects Favourite ad: Doom wall of shoes, standard bank shaboom Some awards * Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, winning the most Lions of any South African advertising agency. 26 Jun 2013   * The annual Creative Circle Awards held on Tuesday, 26th March, saw creative agency TBWAHuntLascaris scoop a number of awards, the most celebrated being the Creative Circle Ad of the Year award in the print category * At the 34th Annual Loerie Awards Ceremony, held in Cape Town from the 15th 23rd September. hey walk away with one Gold, one Silver and four Bronze * The third best agency in the world, according to Creativitys Annual 2010 Report. 22 Nov 2010 CONTACT Derek Bouwer Group CEO derek. [emailprotected] co. za +27 11 322 3100 Sonja Kruger Marketing/New Business sonja. [emailprotected] co. za +27 11 322 3100 Mpho Tshukudu Human Resources mph o. [emailprotected] co. za +27 11 322 3100 5) MetropolitanRepublic Group Although MetropolitanRepublic has only been open since 2007, it has achieved what has taken most agencies over a decade to achieve. The intention has been to do things differently from the outset. The agency is filled with a diverse group of people who discover interesting ways to increase our clients’ revenue. Why? The agency comes up with ideas, rather than ads, to provide solutions for its clients and ultimately enhance their bottom lines. For MetropolitanRepublic, the problem is always at the centre, and it looks at how it can create an idea to solve that problem. For example helping a small franchise like fish and chips by creating an ad that would later be banned from but in the end created a buzz for the company which made them popular. Favourite ad. Coca cola Fifa world cup, FNB fat Albert, MTN love story, FNB celebrating Nelson Mandela, Some awards Republic was awarded the Tony Koenderman’s Ad Review â€Å"Newcomer of the Year†. 2009 * Gold Lion at the Cannes Advertising Festival 2012 * MetropolitanRepublic was awarded a Mnet Tag Award for their Animal Anti-Cruelty work in the Best Scripts category. 2012 * The Wimpy Braille Burger campaign has rec eived a Gold Clio award in the Public Relations/ Special Events category 2012 * 2013 AdReview Awards when they were named winner of The Big Idea of the year, for Wimpy Braille Burgers CONTACT Telephone: +27 11 231 3300 Email:  [emailprotected] com Address: 7 Wessel Road, Rivonia, Johannesburg, 2128, South Africa 6) Black River FC,  Johannesburg Black River FC opened its doors in 2005 in Johannesburg, with a dream to create work that is worth remarking about. The determination to help clients meet their business objectives by finding surprising creative solutions has helped this agency collect case studies any creative agency would be proud of. Why? Black river is a medium sizes Johannesburg based communication agency which hasn’t been around that long in the industry. Their clients are South African well-known brands. Favourite ad: Econ- Tshego, Nandos 25 years http://www. blackriverfc. co. za/portfolio http://za. adforum. com/agency/6645705/creative-work/black-river-fc Some awards AWARD| DISTINCTION| CATEGORY| BRAND| YEAR| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Silver Lion Campaign| Banking, Investment amp; Insurance| 1st for Women Insurance| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Silver Lion Campaign| Banking, Investment amp; Insurance| 1st for Women Insurance| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Silver Lion Campaign| Banking, Investment amp; Insurance| 1st for Women Insurance| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Silver Lion Campaign| Banking, Investment amp; Insurance| 1st for Women Insurance| 2013| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Media Bronze| Media| Nandos South Africa| 2012| Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity| Bronze| Media| Nandos South Africa| 2012| Loerie Awards| Bronze Loerie| TV amp; Film Communication| Nandos South Africa| 2012| Loerie Awards| Campaign Gold| TV amp; Film Communication| Nandos| 2012| Loerie Awards| Craft Certificate| Best Use of Licensed Music| Nandos South Africa| 2012| And many more. CONTACT Unit G3A, 44 Stanley Avenue, Milpark Johannesburg, Gauteng 2092 South Africa Phone: 011 482 7625 Fax: 011 482 7656 TOP PR COMPANIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 1) Meropa Meropa has its roots in the legendary Group Editors, a company started in the early 1970s by the late Aubrey Sussens, the founder of modern-day public relations in South Africa. In 1989 Sussens was joined in business by Peter Mann, and the company changed its name to Sussens Mann. After its sale to Chime Communications in the mid-1990s, the company traded as Lowe Bell amp; Mann before becoming Meropa Communications in 1998 Why? Meropa is South Africa’s leading empowered communications and PR company they offer full-service public relations and communications strategy programmes to about 60 client they are the country’s only PR agency to be ranked in the top 200 globally, and are unique in having wholly-owned offices in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth. Portfolio. http://www. meropa. org/category/newsroom/ Meropa Johannesburg Building 9 Inanda Greens Office Park 54 Wierda Road West Wierda Valley Sandton 011 506 7300 Meropa Durban Suite 8 Second Floor Essenview Strathmore Park 305 Musgrave Road Durban 031 201 0550 Meropa Cape Town Fourth Floor Letterstedt House Norwich on Main Corner Main amp; Campground Road Newlands 021 683 6464 2) Redline Redline is a division of Draftfcb South Africa. Redline was acquired by Draftfcb South Africa in the year 2000 to offer clients an improved service and expanded offering that will add greater value to their businesses. In 2002 Redline introduced a specialised PR service for sponsorships, designed to enable local backers of sport, the arts and entertainment to maximise their return on sponsorship Rands spent. In 2003 Redline was honoured to be selected to coordinate the 2003 Presidential Golf Classic for SA President Thabo Mbeki, the event was a testimony to the quality service that Redline provides all its clients. That same year they opened a Cape Town office to handle the public relations requirements for clients that have head offices in Cape Town but require a national public relations consultancy with strong ties to the media in all major areas. In the same month, Redline was named one of the top public relations firms during a PR summit convened by its client, Iomega, the global leader in reliable portable data storage. Why? Redline has offices in Johannesburg, Cape Town and through a further 20 affiliates globally. They pride themselves in their outstanding relationship with media across industry sectors and has been ranked in the top 5 PR agencies in the country (4th according Finance Week AdReview, April 2007). Portfolio. http://www. fcbredline. co. za/portfolio. aspx| REDLINE AND IMPACT SCORE DOUBLE POINTS FOR DRAFTFCB AT THE LG MOBILE WORLDCUP2009 * the most prestigious prize awarded at the Business Day Financial Advertising Awards this year. 2008 * Financial Advertising division ach ieved two 1st places in the Sake24 Financial Advertising Awards 2007/8. | JOHANNESBURG Pinmill Farm, Strathavon 2, 164 Katherine Street, Sandown, 2196 P O Box 78014, Sandton, 2146 South Africa Tel +27 (11) 566 6000 Fax +27 (11) 566 6890 Email [emailprotected] co. zaCAPE TOWN Albion Spring, 183 Main Road Rondebosch 7701 P O Box 5231 Cape Town 7600 South Africa Tel +27 (21) 680 7600 Fax +27 (21) 680 7782 Email [emailprotected] co. za ) Ogilvy Public Relations In 1948, David Ogilvy founded the agency that would become Ogilvy amp; Mather. Starting with no clients and a staff of two, he built his company into one of the eight largest advertising networks in the world with more than 450 offices and 18,000 staff across 169 cities. Ogilvy amp; Mather South Africa’s origins lie with a small hot shop in Cape Town, founded by Bob Rightford, Brian Searle-Tripp and Roger Makin in 1976. After merging with Ogilvy in 1980, Ogilvy amp; Mather RS-TM dominated the local creative scene during th e first decade and over the next twenty years was recognized as a brand-focused agency that acted with integrity. During the 1990’s, Ogilvy amp; Mather South Africa soared creatively under the leadership of Robyn Putter (1950-2010), who eventually went on to become the global creative head of WPP. Today, Why? It is one of the largest PR networks worldwide, with 74 offices on 5 continents. In South Africa, OPR has offices in Johannesburg  and  Cape Town, where we specialise in consumer, corporate, medical and technology PR, their clients are well known supper brands. Portfolio. http://www. ogilvy. co. za/2013/04/kfc-journey-of-hope/ CONTACT Oamp;M Cape Town, The District 41 Sir Lowry Road, Cape Town, Western Cape 8000 +27 21 467 1000 Oamp;M Johannesburg, The Brand Building 15 Sloane Street, Bryanston, 2152, Johannesburg, PO Box 653085, Benmore, 2010, +27 11 709 6600 Awards They won 12 awards at the Prism Awards 2012 4) PR Worx PR Worx came into being on 13 October 2001 and is headed by Madelain Roscher who has in-depth public relations, communications and marketing experience. They are a young, dynamic and innovative SMME agency, with a solid knowledge of the public relations industry, and what it is able to realise. Why? Regardless of the size of the client, PR Worx has proven to be one of Spouth Africas top PR agencies. Portfolio. http://www. prworx. co. za/index. php? option=com_contentamp;view=articleamp;id=9amp;Itemid=9 Some Awards * 2013 PRISA PRISM Gold Award Winner in the Community Relations Category * 2013 PRISA PRISM Silver Award Winner in the PR on a Shoestring Budget Category * 2013 PRISA PRISM Silver Award Winner in the Crisis Management Category * 2013 PRISA PRISM Silver Award Winner in the Media Relations Category * 2013 PRISA PRISM Bronze Award Winner in the Corporate Responsibility Category * 2013 PRISA PRISM Honourable Mention in the Social Media for Public Relations Category * 2013 PRISA PRISM Honourable Mention in the Corporate Responsibility Category * 2012 International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) African Gold Quill Award in the Best Media Relations in Africa Category * 2012 Best PR Company in Ekurhuleni – PMR Africa * 2012 PRISA PRISM Gold Award Winner in the Event Management Category * 2012 PRISA PRISM Gold Award Winner in the Crisis Communications Management Category * 2012 PRISA PRISM Gold Award Winner in the Best Up and Coming Public Relations Professional Category CONTACT Tel:  +27 (0) 11 896 1818 5) ATMOSPHERE Founded in 2001 by MD Nicola Nel, the team today comprises 30 passionate individuals who work in either the Johannesburg or Cape Town HQ. Why? Atmosphere specialises in integrated brand and corporate communications for some of South Africas leading brands and companies. Their work creates credible conversations locally and at times internationally. I believe they have proved themselves by delivering tangible business results. In 2009, 2010 and 2011 we were the most awarded consultancy at the PRISMs (South Africas leading PR industry awards). Portfolio. http://www. atmosphere. co. za/news-category. aspx? id=2 CONTACT Atmosphere Cape Town Email:  [emailprotected] co. za 22 Lawley Road Woodstock,  7925 T  +27 21 461 2117 F  +27 21 461 6770 Atmosphere Johannesburg 1st Floor, Hutton Court cnr Jan Smuts Ave amp; Summit Road Hyde Park, 2024, Johannesburg T  +27 11 250 7940 F  +27 11 250 7941 Awards April 2013, Atmosphere Communications walked off with six awards, including two golds at the PRISM Awards http://www. atmosphere. co. za/accolades. aspx 6) NGAGE Established in Johannesburg 2006, NGAGE is an integrated marketing communications company with a core focus on technical industries. Our full range of services and combined areas of expertise allow the NGAGE team to manage all aspects of business-to-business public relations, marketing and online services to the South African market. Why? I think they deserve to be in this rank because as first time PRISM entrants to the awards , NGAGE won a Gold Award for ‘Best Small PR Consultancy’ and NGAGE co-founder and account director Renay Tandy received a Gold Award for ‘Best PR Professional in Media Liaison’. NGAGE also received a special mention in the Business to Business category, for a submission on the Ludowici Meshcape acquisition announcement Portfolio http://www. ngage. co. za/clients/case-studies/128 http://www. ngage. co. za/clients/case-studies/125 CONTACT Telephone:  +27 11 867 7763 Fax:  +27 86 512 3352 Email:  [emailprotected] co. za Physical Address: First floor, Building 5 Woodhill Office Park Phillip-Engelbrecht Drive, Meyersdal Johannesburg, 1447 Postal Address : P. O. Box 6585 Meyersdal, 1447

Italians essays

Italians essays Where did the people come from? Food Famous Person Why did they leave their country? Religion What areas of North America did they settle? Music Why did they settle where they did in North America? Language Most of the Italians who came to North America in the 1800's were from southern Italy. In the 1800's life was hard for Italians in in southern Italy. The country was going through a time of policatal troubles, and crop failures had caused widespread starvation. The Italians wanted to get better jobs and have a better way of life. What areas of North America did they settle? Although most Itailians had been farmers in Italy, when they came to North America they settled in cities such as New York City, the port where most Itailains arrived. Others went to Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and to Canada in Montreal and Toronto. Why did they settle where they did in North America? Many of the Italians who stayed in New York worked in construction or railway companies or on docks. Most of the Italians had no job training and little education so they had trouble getting jobs. They would take any of the jobs they could find. In New York three quarters of the laborers in the construction industry were Italians. Many of them built the New York Subway. When North Americans think of Italians food, they usually think of pizza and spagettie. However, Italian cooking is much more varied. Each region of Italy has its own specialities and cooking styles, depending on the local ingrediants that are avaiable. Some of the food and drink that many North Americans enjoy today, such as pizza, and a type of strong coffee, called espresso, were brought by Italians. Italian food was unknown in North America before the arrival of the Italian immagrants. Today, Italian ...

June Calendar of Holidays and Fun Days to Celebrate

June Calendar of Holidays and Fun Days to Celebrate June marks the beginning of summer and signals freedom for many students as they stream out of schools, ready for lazy days, outside activities, swimming, climbing and traveling.  But, June also marks a month of special days to celebrate.  Learn about holidays you never heard of, as well as important milestones to commemorate. From Dinosaur Day to I Love My Dentist Day an interesting holiday coming just one day after Donut Day there are plenty of ways for you and your family can celebrate the days of June. Early Month Aesop, the famed Greek fable-teller, is said to have been born on June 4, while Sesame Street character Oscar the Grouch was also born in early June. Also during the month on June 2   Guglielmo Marconi, after years of struggle, was granted a patent for his  invention, the radio. The early part of June also marks the date of the first U.S. spacewalk in 1965, as well as the first hot air balloon ride. As you snack on donuts, eat cheese or bake gingerbread men, youll find plenty of interesting days to celebrate and commemorate. June 1 Dinosaur DayStand for Children DayOscar the Grouchs birthdayDonut Day June 2 I Love My Dentist DayNational Rocky Road DayRadio patented June 3 Egg DayFirst U.S. spacewalk June 4 Aesops birthdayFirst Ford madeNational Frozen Yogurt DayCheese Day June 5 National Gingerbread DayFirst hot air balloon flightWorld Environment Day June 6 National Yo-Yo DayFirst roller coaster opened June 7 National Chocolate Ice Cream DayDaniel Boone Day June 8 First indoor swimming pool builtVacuum cleaner  patentedNational Jelly-Filled Doughnut Day June 9 International Young Eagles Day Mid-Month Flag Day, an important commemoration of this enduring U.S. symbol of freedom and liberty, is celebrated during this part of the month; indeed, an entire National Flag Week begins on June 10. The late oceanographer and explorer  Jacques Cousteau was born on June 11. But, if youre in the mood to celebrate lighter fare, theres always National Peanut Butter Cookie Day or National Lobster Day. Theres even a Pop Goes the Weasel Day celebrating the origination of the famous song. June 10 National Flag WeekMaurice Sendaks birthday June 11 Jacques Cousteaus birthday June 12 National Peanut Butter Cookie Day June 13 National Juggling DayNational Lobster Day June 14 Pop Goes the Weasel DayFlag Day June 15 Power of a Smile DayFly a Kite Day June 16 Fudge Day June 17 Iceland Independence Day June 18 Fathers DayInternational Picnic Day June 19 JuneteenthLou Gehrigs Birthday Late Month As June winds to close, you can observe Paul Bunyon Day, which celebrates the famed, mythical lumberjack, as well as the birthday of an equally famous real-life hero,  Helen Keller. On National Meteor Day,  people turn their eyes to the heavens in hopes of spotting the glow of a falling star, notes  National Day Calendar,  making June 30 a perfect day for you and your family to end the month by staying up late, going outside and gazing at the heavens. June 20 West Virginia Admission Day June 22 U.S. Department of Justice established June 23 Typewriter invented June 24 Deaf-Blindness Awareness Week June 25 National Catfish DayEric Carles BirthdayVirginia becomes the 10th state June 26 National Chocolate Pudding DayToothbrush invented June 27 National Orange Blossom DayHelen Kellers Birthday June 28 Paul Bunyan Day June 29 Camera Day June 30 Meteor Day

Introducing students to the theory of multiple intelligences Research Paper

Introducing students to the theory of multiple intelligences - Research Paper Example This test just touched upon the verbal, logical-mathematical and spatial intelligence. Gardner believes that the capacities are woven into the brain and neuronal network (2006). He feels that there is depth to intelligence and plenty of observation is necessary to gauge the intelligence levels. The intelligences are classified as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic (Gardner, 2006). These intelligences have to be elicited by the teacher and parents. The capacities are flexible and can change through various enriching experiences. Education works upon these flexibilities. The genius however is decided by the genetic constitution just as the person of low intelligence. The spatial and musical intelligences are rather vague in nature and it is not definite whether these are genetic in constitution. Gardner’s experiences as a psychologist, who has examined patients recovering from traumatic brain inju ry, have brought forward the Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983). MI helps schoolchildren in many ways. Teachers get an idea of the children’s strengths and can develop a curriculum which suits their capacities. Teamwork among the teachers is encouraged by the technique. Education is promoted as art forms and games which the children identify with. Schools plan various educational experiences for children from different backgrounds. Observation of the child in class and how he misbehaves is the first method of assessing intelligence and which of them is more developed in the child (Armstrong, 2009). The linguistically inclined child will be talking frequently. The spatial child will be a daydreamer. The child with more of the interpersonal intelligence tends to socialize and has more friends. The bodily kinesthetic child is always fidgeting. The naturalistic child may bring a pet to class without necessarily taking permission (Armstrong, 2009). The next observation should be when it is leisure time. The linguistic child will read books while the spatial child will be drawing (Armstrong, 2009). The socializer will be playing impromptu games with a group of friends. The bodily kinesthetic child will be involved in building activities. The naturalistic child may be looking at the fish in the aquarium or standing in front of an animal cage. The musical child may be singing. A checklist for multiple intelligences for schoolchildren may be completed for each child by the teacher. This contains easy-to-note behaviors for each pattern of intelligence Records are kept of behavior in class and in the playfield. School records of performances in class are also maintained (Armstrong, 2009). The theory of multiple intelligences is first explained to the children. A sample question would be â€Å"How many of you are intelligent, raise your hands† (Armstrong, 2009). The younger children would raise more hands as they are innocent and believe in their intell igence. The teacher calling them word smart or logic smart or music smart or picture smart, each child can feel he is smart. This encourages the children to cooperate and participate in the assessment of their own intelligence. Various activities may be planned for holding the interest of the children and developing their intelligences: â€Å"career day, field trips, biographies, lesson plans, experiential activities, wall displays, readings, board games, stories and

Innate immunity in tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innate immunity in tuberculosis - Essay Example of the body, and patients would just waste away with no effective intervention; however, to date, this infectious disease can be successfully treated with antibiotics (Schiffman, 2008). Brill et al., (2001) reported that tuberculosis remains to be the major health problem worldwide and because of the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis becomes more significant in the years to come in regions where there is an endemic case of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen (Brill et al., 2001). Todar (2008) stated that a human immune system is composed of two major subdivisions, namely: (1) Innate or non-specific immune system, and (2) adaptive or specific immune system. The primary or the first line of defence mechanism against invading organism is known as the innate or non – specific immune system (Todar, 2008). This contains cellular and humoral components by which the protective functions are carried out (Todar, 2008). Junqueira - Kipnis et al (2003) noted that with M. tuberculosis, the innate and adaptive immune systems contributes to the defense of the host. Van Crevel et al (2002) noted that the outcome of the infection depends greatly on the relationship between M. tuberculosis and the human host. Both the innate and adaptive defense mechanism is involved with respect to the host. Hence, mechanisms to circumvent and antagonise protective immunity have been developed by M. tuberculosis. The component of the innate immune response are formed by phagocytosis and subsequent IL -12 secretion that are initiated in the absence of prior antigen exposure (Raja, 2004). Natural resistance - associated macrophage protein, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and many others are considered as the component of innate immunity. Raja added that the first line of defense in the innate immunity of M. tuberculosis is played by the plasma lysozyme and other enzymes. Van Crevel et al (2002) noted that macrophages are â€Å"main effector cells†